Table 1.
Characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities and measurements according to heart failure stages
| Stage of Heart Failure | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | p | |
| N (%) | 20 (3.9) | 264 (51.9) | 225 (44.2) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 56.3 (8.3) | 66.8 (8.2) | 68.1 (9.1) | <0.0011 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 16 (80.0) | 221 (83.7) | 180 (80.0) | 0.5142 |
| Time since index event (months), mean (SD) | 20.4 (8.6) | 20.8 (9.1) | 22.2 (8.7) | 0.1941 |
| Index event | ||||
| Acute, n (%) | 20 (100) | 259 (98.5) | 223 (99.6) | 0.9492 |
| Primary CHD event, n (%) | 4 (20.0) | 71 (26.9) | 54 (24.0) | 0.6962 |
| Affected vessels | ||||
| Main left coronary artery, n (%) | 0 | 15 (6.8) | 18 (9.5) | 0.3642 |
| LAD, n (%) | 11 (64.7) | 145 (65.9) | 140 (74.1) | 0.1712 |
| RCX, n (%) | 9 (52.9) | 106 (48.2) | 93 (49.2) | 0.9122 |
| RCA, n (%) | 7 (41.2) | 117 (53.2) | 96 (50.8) | 0.622 |
| Number of affected vessels | 0.6992 | |||
| 1, n (%) | 9 (52.9) | 100 (45.5) | 85 (45.0) | |
| 2, n (%) | 6 (35.3) | 68 (30.9) | 62 (32.8) | |
| 3, n (%) | 2 (11.8) | 44 (20.0) | 40 (21.2) | |
| Duration of CHD (years), median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.4–3.4) | 2.8 (1.9–10.1) | 2.9 (2.0–9.9) | 0.0273 |
| Treatment for index event | 0.4172 | |||
| Conservative, n (%) | 6 (30.0) | 38 (14.4) | 37 (16.4) | |
| CABG, n (%) | 2 (10.0) | 45 (17.0) | 32 (14.2) | |
| PCI, n (%) | 12 (60.0) | 181 (68.6) | 156 (69.3) | |
| Cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities | ||||
| Smokinga, n (%) | 5 (25.0) | 27 (10.2) | 19 (8.4) | 0.0712 |
| Obesityb, n (%) | 8 (40.0) | 96 (36.5) | 80 (35.9) | 0.9322 |
| LDL > = 2.6 mmol/L, n (%) | 8 (44.4) | 123 (49.0) | 88 (41.9) | 0.3242 |
| Hypertensionc, n (%) | 3 (15.0) | 128 (48.7) | 94 (41.8) | 0.0072 |
| Diabetes melltiusd, n (%) | 7 (35.0) | 102 (38.8) | 87 (39.4) | 0.9472 |
| Chronic kidney diseasee, n (%) | 1 (5.0) | 51 (19.3) | 76 (34.7) | <0.0012 |
| Measurements | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 27.7 (25.1–33.5) | 28.4 (26.3–31.1) | 28.7 (26.1–31.1) | 0.9263 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 119 (114–128) | 138 (126–152) | 133 (123–148) | <0.0013 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg), median (IQR) | 75 (66–80) | 81 (73–88) | 80 (73–86) | 0.0173 |
| Heart rate (min-1), median (IQR) | 57 (55–64) | 61 (56–69) | 63 (58–70) | 0.0153 |
| Sinus rhythm, n (%) | 20 (100) | 238 (93.0) | 186 (90.7) | 0.3682 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 2.6 (2.2–3.4) | 2.6 (2.1–3.1) | 2.5 (2.0–3.1) | 0.6233 |
| HbA1c (%), median (IQR) | 5.6 (5.3–6.0) | 5.7 (5.5–6.3) | 5.8 (5.4–6.2) | 0.3763 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 76 (35–146) | 146 (78.5–312.5) | 245 (113.3–626.8) | <0.0013 |
| Hs-TnT (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 6.1 (5.4–18.5) | 8.8 (6.6–11.8) | 10.0 (7.1–14.9) | 0.0123 |
SD standard deviation, LAD left anterior descending coronary artery, RCX left circumflex coronary artery, RCA right coronary artery, CHD coronary heart disease, IQR interquartile range, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, LDL low densitiy lipoprotein, BMI body mass index, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, hs-TnT high-sensitive troponin T, BP blood pressure
1 ANCOVA
2 Fisher’s exact test
3 Kruskal-Wallis test
acurrent smoker
bBMI ≥ 30 kg/m2
csystolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or in patients with diabetes: systolic ≥140, diastolic ≥85 mmHg; >80 yrs.: systolic ≥150, diastolic ≥90 mmHg, chronic kidney disease systolic ≥130, diastolic ≥90 mmHg
dself reported or impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance
eglomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/kg