Table 1.
Factors associated with increased risk of poor asthma control in adults and the pediatric population
| Determinants for poor control | Pediatric | Adults |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical and functional | ||
| Exacerbations in the previous year (previous 12 months) | X | X |
| Hospitalizations in the previous year (previous 12 months) | X | X |
| Respiratory infections (previous 12 months) | X | |
| Oral corticosteroid use (previous 12 months) | X | X |
| SABA prescriptions (1x200 dose canister/month) | X | |
| Healthcare utilization | X | X |
| Poor lung function | X | |
| Sputum or blood eosinophilia | X | |
| Variability of asthma control | X | X |
| ACQ-7 < 15 | X | X |
| Demographic | ||
| Female | X | |
| Age (40 to 64 years old) | X | |
| Comorbidities | ||
| GERD | X | |
| Obesity | X | X |
| Overweight | X | |
| Low birth weight | X | |
| OSA-sleep disordered breathing | X | X |
| Allergic rhinitis | X | X |
| Congestive heart failure | X | |
| Drug exposure | X | |
| Psychological | ||
| Anxiety and depression | X | |
| Misperception of disease | X | X |
| Low expectations | X | |
| Poor knowledge of disease | X | X |
| Parent related severity of disease | X | |
| Patient-independent | ||
| Doctor-related attitudes | X | |
| Patient-dependent | ||
| Weight gain | X | |
| Low adherence | X | |
| Poor inhaler technique | X | |
| Active and past smoking | X | |
| Passive smoking | X | |
As for gender-related risk, different authors demonstrated an association with poor asthma control and both female and male gender (mild and severe exacerbations for female gender and higher SABA usage for males). ACQ-7, Asthma control questionnaire; SABA, Short acting β2 agonists; mo, months. Data are from [3, 31–43]