Table 3.

Literature data on the toxicity of imidacloprid and thiacloprid to soil invertebrates

Chemical	Species	LC50	EC50	Soil type/Properties	Compound/Formulation	Reference
Imidacloprid	Eisenia fetida	2.82 14d	–	Artificial soil, 10% OM	Pure	Wang et al. (2012)
		3.05	0.95			Wang et al. (2015)
		2.3 14d	–			Zang et al. (2000)
		2.3 14d	–			Luo et al. (1999)
		25	–	Litter; 60% OM	Merit 75% a.i.	Kreutzweiser et al. (2008)
	Eisenia andrei	25.5	4.07	Tropical artificial soil; 10% OM	Gaucho 60% a.i.	Alves et al. (2013)
	Dendrobaena octaedra	5.7	–	Litter; 60% OM	Merit 75% a.i.	Kreutzweiser et al. (2008)
	Aporrectodea nocturna	3.74	–	Natural soil; 2.8% OM; pH 8.3	Confidor 20% a.i.	Capowiez et al. (2005)
	Alollophobora icterica	2.8	–
	Folsomia candida	0.86&	0.26&	Artificial soil; 10% OM	Pure	Reynolds (2008)
		2.614d	0.15	Artificial soil; 10% OM	Confidor 70% a.i.	Idinger (2002)
		0.25@
		2114d	>1.0*	Tropical Artificial soil; 10% OM	Gaucho 60% a.i.	Alves et al. (2014)
		0.44	0.29	LUFA 2.2, 2,8% OM	Pure	Van Gestel et al. (2017)
Thiacloprid	Eisenia fetida	10.9614d	–	Artificial soil, 10% OM	Pure	Wang et al. (2012)
		2.68	0.2		Pure	Wang et al. (2015)
	Eisenia andrei	18.2 14d	2.13 14d	Artificial soil, 5% OM	Calypso 48% a.i.	Akeju (2014)
	Enchytraeus crypticus	25.6	5.6
	Folsomia candida	4.38	2.1
		9.0	1.5	LUFA 2.2; 2.8% OM	Pure	Van Gestel et al. (2017)
	Hypoaspis aculeifer	–	3674	Artificial soil, 5% OM	Calypso 48% a.i	Akeju (2014)

^*Approx. 25% effect at highest test concentration of 1 mg/kg dry soil

^&Values recalculated from original data derived from figures included in Reynolds (2008), using a logistic dose-response model; LC₅₀ and EC₅₀ values reported by Reynolds based on regression analysis were 1.38 and 0.60 mg/kg, respectively

^@Recalculated from the data derived from Fig. 1 in Idinger (2002) using the Trimmed Spearman Karber method (Hamilton et al. 1977/1978)