Table 3.
Safety of MIGS devices.
| Author | Year | Postoperative complications (n, %) | Reoperations (n, %) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sclemm's canal devices∗ | |||
| Trabectome | |||
| Lee et al. [38] | 2016 | Herpetic keratitis reactivation = 1 (5.3) | AC washout = 1 (5.3) |
| IOP > 21 mmHg = 5 (26.3) | Repeat glaucoma surgery = 2 (10.5) | ||
|
| |||
| Bussel et al. [37] | 2014 | Transient hypotony = 5 (6.8) | Trabeculectomy = 4 (5.5) |
| Tube surgery = 6 (8.2) | |||
| Cyclophotocoagulation = 2 (2.7) | |||
| Repeat Trabectome = 1 (1.4) | |||
|
| |||
| Jordan et al. [40] | 2013 | Reflux bleeding = 512 (91.9) | AC lavage = 2 (0.4) |
| IOP > 30 mmHg = 44 (7.8) | |||
| Cystoid macular edema = 3 (0.5) | |||
|
| |||
| Maeda et al. [64] | 2013 | Reflux bleeding = 80 (100) | Repeat glaucoma surgery = 13 (16.3) |
| Reoperation (glaucoma surgery) = 13 (16.3) | |||
|
| |||
| Ting et al. [36] | 2012 | Reflux bleeding = 692 (96.5) | Repeat glaucoma surgery = 190 (23.0) |
| Early hypotony = 5 (0.6) | |||
|
| |||
| Francis et al. [42] | 2008 | Transient hypotony = 4 (1.3) | Trabeculectomy = 7 (2.3) |
| IOP > 10 mmHg from baseline = 32 (10.5) | Tube surgery = 1 (0.3) | ||
| Reflux bleeding = 238 (78.3) | |||
| SLT = 1 (0.3) | |||
|
| |||
| Minckler et al. [66] | 2005 | Reflux bleeding = 37 (100) | 0 |
| Persistent minimal DM injury = 1 (2.7) | |||
| Peripheral anterior synaechiae = 9 (24.3) | |||
| Goniosynechiae = 5 (13.5) | |||
| IOP > 5 mmHg from baseline = 2 (5.4) | |||
|
| |||
| Babighian et al. [49] | 2010 | IOP > 5 mmHg from baseline = 3 (20) | 0 |
|
| |||
| Wilmsmeyer et al. [48] | 2006 | Iris adhesion to corneal tunnel = 2 (1.5) | Repeat glaucoma surgery = 25 (18.6) |
| Fibrin reaction = 3 (2.2) | |||
| CRVO = 1 (0.7) | |||
|
| |||
| iStent | |||
| Tan and Au [23] | 2016 | Transient hyphema = 1 (2.4) | 0 |
|
| |||
| Neuhann [22] | 2015 | Stent not visible = 1 (1.6) | Cyclophotocoagulation = 3 (4.8) |
| Posterior capsular opacification = 1 (1.6) | Shunt surgery = 2 (3.2) | ||
|
| |||
| Katz et al. [7] | 2015 | 0 | 0 |
|
| |||
| Vold et al. [15] | 2016 | Intraoperative stent malposition = 2 (3.7) | 0 |
| Transient hyphema = 1 (1.9) | |||
| Intraoperative iridodialysis = 1 (1.9) | |||
|
| |||
| Lindstrom et al. [16] | 2016 | 0 | 0 |
|
| |||
| Fea et al. [20] | 2015 | 0 | |
|
| |||
| Donnenfeld et al. [10] | 2015 | Hyphema = 2 (5.1) | AC paracentesis = 1 (2.6) |
|
| |||
| Ahmed et al. [11] | 2014 | Transient hypotony = 1 (2.6) | 0 |
| Progression of cataract = 4 (10.3) | |||
| Corneal ulcer = 1 (2.6) | |||
|
| |||
| Arriola-Villalobos et al. [12] | 2013 | 0 | 0 |
|
| |||
| Craven et al. [17] | 2012 | Stent obstruction = 5 (4.3) | Trabeculoplasty = 1 (0.9) |
| Stent malposition = 3 (2.6) | Stent repositioning = 3 (2.6) | ||
| YAG laser for stent obstruction = 1 (0.9) | Stent replacement = 1 (0.9) | ||
| Focal argon laser photocoagulation = 1 (0.9) | |||
|
| |||
| Patel et al. [26] | 2013 | Hyphema = 1 (2.3) | 0 |
| Arriola-Villalobos et al. [25] | 2012 | 0 | 0 |
|
| |||
| Buchacra et al. [9] | 2011 | Stent malposition = 1 (10.0) | 0 |
| Mild hyphema = 7 (70.0) | |||
| IOP ≥ 30 mmHg = 1 (10.0) | |||
| Corneal edema = 2 (20.0) | |||
| Stent obstruction by blood clot = 3 (30.0) | |||
|
| |||
| Samuelson et al. [18] | 2011 | Stent obstruction = 4 (4.0) | Stent repositioning = 3 (3.0) |
| Stent malposition = 3 (3.0) | Stent replacement = 1 (1.0) | ||
| Elevated IOP = 2 (2.0) | |||
| Elevated IOP requiring treatment = 1 (1.0) | |||
| YAG laser for stent obstruction = 1 (1.0) | |||
|
| |||
| Fernandez-Barrientos et al. [13] | 2010 | Stent malposition = 6 of 34 stents (17.6) | 0 |
| Stent fall out = 1 of 34 stents (2.9) | |||
|
| |||
| Spiegel et al. [27] | 2009 | Stent malposition (no repositioning) = 6 (10.3) | Trabeculectomy = 2 (3.4) |
| Stent obstruction = 7 (12.1) | Stent repositioning = 1 (1.7) | ||
| Argon laser = 1 (1.7) | Stent replacement = 2 (3.4) | ||
| Corneal paracentesis = 1 (1.7) | |||
|
| |||
| Vandewalle et al. [24] | 2009 | Stent malposition = 1 (10.0) | 0 |
| Corneal erosion = 2 (20.0) | |||
| Blood reflux into angle = 5 (50.5) | |||
|
| |||
| Voskanyan et al. [29] | 2014 | Elevated IOP requiring medications = 10 (10.1) | Trabeculectomy = 1 (1.0) |
| YAG laser for stent obstruction = 2 (2.0) | Phacotrabeculectomy = 1 (1.0) | ||
| Argon laser for stent obstruction = 1 (1.0) | Goniotrephenation = 1 (1.0) | ||
| Stent obstruction = 3 (3.0) | Deep sclerectomy = 1 (1.0) | ||
| Stent malposition = 1 (1.0) | |||
| Goniosynechiae (without treatment) = 1 (1.0) | |||
| Lens-iris synechiae (laser treatment) = 1 (1.0) | |||
| Stent not visible upon gonioscopy = 13 (13.1) | |||
|
| |||
| Arriola-Villalobos et al. [30] | 2016 | 0 | 0 |
|
| |||
| Hydrus | |||
| Fea et al. [33] | 2016 | Transient IOP spike = 2 (6.5) | 0 |
| BCVA < 2 lines from baseline = 3 (9.7) | |||
|
| |||
| Gandolfi et al. [34] | 2016 | Transient hyphema = 4 (19.0) | 0 |
| IO ≥ 30 mmHg within 48 hrs = 1 (4.8) | |||
| YAG lysis of PAS = 4 (19.0) | |||
|
| |||
| Pfeiffer et al. [32] | 2015 | IOP > 10 mmHg from baseline = 2 (4.0) | Repeat glaucoma surgery = 1 (2.1) |
| Focal PAS = 9 (18.8) | |||
|
| |||
| Suprachoroidal devices | |||
| CyPass | |||
| Vold et al. [51] | 2016 | Corneal abrasion = 7 (1.9) | Secondary ocular surgical intervention = 20 (5.5) |
| Corneal edema = 13 (3.5) | |||
| Cyclodialysis cleft > 2 mm circumference = 7 (1.9) | |||
| Iritis = 32 (8.6) | |||
| Hypotony = 11 (29.9) | |||
| IOP ≥ 10 mmHg above baseline = 16 (4.3) | |||
| Cystoid macular edema = 6 (1.3) | |||
| Stent obstruction = 8 (2.1) | |||
| Conjunctivitis = 4 (1.0) | |||
| Visual field loss progression = 25 (6.7) | |||
|
| |||
| Garcia-Feijoo et al. [54] | 2015 | IOP > 30 mmHg = 7 (10.8) | Trabeculectomy = 9 (13.8) |
| Transient hyphema = 4 (6.2) | Additional CyPass = 2 (3.1) | ||
| BCVA reduced by ≥2 lines = 2 (3.1) | |||
| Laser trabeculoplasty = 1 (1.6) | |||
|
| |||
| Hoeh et al. [53] | 2016 | Early postoperative IOP elevation = 2 (1.2) | Repeat glaucoma surgery = 10 (6.0) |
| Late postoperative IOP elevation = 3 (1.8) | Implant reposition = 1 (0.6) | ||
| Mild transient hyphema = 2 (1.2) | Implant explantation = 1 (0.6) | ||
| Hypotony = 23 (13.8) | |||
| Endothelial touch = 2 (1.2) | |||
| Implant obstruction = 9 (5.4) | |||
| Macular edema = 1 (0.6) | |||
|
| |||
| Hoeh et al. [52] | 2013 | AC reaction > 1 month = 8 (4.4) | Device repositioning = 1 (0.6) |
| Early hypotony (<1 month) = 25 (13.8) | Repeat glaucoma surgery = 9 (5.0) | ||
| Hypotony > 1 month = 1 (0.5) | |||
| Shallow AC without central touch = 1 (0.5) | |||
| IOP > 10 mmHg from baseline = 19 (10.5) | |||
| Postoperative hyphema = 2 (1.1) | |||
|
| |||
| Subconjunctival devices | |||
| XEN-45 | |||
| Perez-Torregrosa et al. [55] | 2016 | Encapsulation of filtration bleb = 1 (3.3) | 0 |
|
| |||
| InnFocus | |||
| Batlle et al. [63] | 2016 | Tube-iris touch = 3 (13.0) | Repeat glaucoma surgery = 1 (4.3) |
| Transient hypotony < 3 months = 3 (13.0) | AC paracentesis = 1 (4.3) | ||
| Shallow or flat AC = 3 (13.0) | |||
| Hyphema = 2 (8.7) | |||
| Choroidal effusion/detachment = 2 (8.7) | |||
| Elevated IOP requiring bleb needling = 1 (4.3) | |||
| Tube obstruction = 1 (4.3) | |||
| Vitreous hemorrhage = 1 (4.3) | |||
| Bleb leak = 1 (4.3) | |||
AC: anterior chamber; BCVA: best corrected visual acuity; CRVO: central retinal vein occlusion; IOP: intraocular pressure; PAS: peripheral anterior synechiae; SLT: selective laser trabeculoplasty. ∗Only prospective case series and randomized controlled trials are included.