Table 1.
Generic HIV-1 vaccine candidates including mode and route of administration, recently tested in Phase I/II trials
| Vaccine Products | HIV-1 Subtype | Adjuvant, Formulation | Mode and Route of Administration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subunits | ||||
| Lipopeptides | B | IM | [10,11] | |
| Oligomeric gp160 | B | DC-Chol | Nasal, Vaginal | ANRS VAC14 |
| Trimeric gp140 | B’/C | Carbopol, GLA, Chitosan | Vaginal, IM, IN, Oral | [12] |
| Trimeric gp140 | B, C | PCPP, MF59 | IM | [13] |
| Tat protein | C | Alum | SC, ID | [14,15] |
| Fusion protein Env-Nef-Tat | B | AS02A, AS02V, AS01B | IM | [16,17] |
| gp41 P1 peptide | Virosomes | IM, IN | [18] | |
| Pox vectors | ||||
| ALVAC (vCP1521) | CRF01_AE | IM | [19] | |
| Replicating vaccinia (VV Tiantan) | B’/C | Scarification | [20] | |
| Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) | A, B, C | IM | [21–23] | |
| NYVAC | C | IM | [24] | |
| DNA | ||||
| A, B, C | IM, EP | [25–28] | ||
| Conserved epitopes | Multiclades | IM | [29–31] | |
| PENNVAX | B | IL-12, IL-15 | IM, EP | [32] |
| Replication-defective Adenovirus Vectors | ||||
| Ad5 | B | IM | [33,34] | |
| Ad35 | B, A | IM | [35] | |
| Ad26 | A | IM | [36,37] | |
| Adeno-associated Virus Vector type 2 | C | IM | [38–40] | |
| Alphavirus Replicon VEE | C | IM | [41] | |
| Replication-competent Measles Vector | B | IM | Ongoing | |
| Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector | B | IM | Ongoing, [42] | |
| Prime-Boost Combinations | ||||
| DNA + Trimeric V2-deleted gp140 | B | PLG, MF59 | IM | [43] |
| DNA + Env subunit | A, B, C, CRF01-AE | QS-21 | ID, IM | [44,45] |
| DNA + MVA | A, B, C, CRF01_AE, B epitopes | GMCSF | IM, ID, Biojector* | [46–56] |
| DNA + Fowlpox | B | IM | [57,58] | |
| DNA + VV Tiantan | B’/C | Scarification | [20] | |
| DNA + NYVAC | C | IM | [59–61] | |
| Ad5 + NYVAC | A, B, C and B | IM | [62] | |
| DNA + Ad5 or Ad35 | A, B, C | Biojector*, IM, ID, SC | [63–68] | |
| DNA IL-12 EP + Ad35-GRIN/ENV | B, A | EP, IM | Ongoing, [69] | |
| DNA + MVA + ChAdV63 | Conserved sequences | IM | Ongoing, [70] | |
| DNA + VSV | B | IL-12 | EP, IM | Ongoing |
| MVA + Fowlpox | B | IM | [71,72] | |
| Ad35 env + Ad26 env | A | IM | Ongoing | |
| ALVAC (vCP1521) + AIDSVAX B/E gp120 | B, CRF01_AE | Alum | IM | Ongoing |
| Ad26 env A + MVA (natural vs. mosaic) | A, CRF01_AE, mosaic | IM | Ongoing | |
| Ad35-GRIN + adjuvanted fusion protein (non-Env) | A, B | IM | Ongoing | |
| Ad35-GRIN + replicating Sendai | A | IM, IN (Sendai) | Ongoing |
Pox: Recombinant Poxvirus-vectored vaccine; ALVAC: recombinant canarypox vector
Ad5: Replication-defective recombinant Adenovirus subtype 5; ChAdV63: Replication-defective recombinant Chimpanzee adenovirus subtype 63
MVA: Modified Vaccinia Ankara; VEE: Venezuelan equine encephalitis; VV Tiantan: Attenuated replicating vaccinia Tiantan developed in China
EP: Electroporation; GLA: Glucopyranosyl Lipid Adjuvant
GRIN: gag, reverse transcriptase, integrase, and nef genes from HIV-1 subtype A
GRIN/ENV: Ad35-GRIN + Ad35 expressing env gp140 from HIV-1 subtype A
PCPP: Polyphosphazene; IFA: Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant
Sendai: replication-competent murine parainfluenza type 1 paramyxovirus
For DNA only