Table 3.

List of nanocarriers used to encapsulate neem active components and their potential agricultural applications.

Neem component	Active ingredient	Carrier	Nanoparticle size	Potential application	Reference
Neem	Azadirachtin	Carboxymethyl chitosan with ricinoleic acid (R-CM-chitosan)	200–500 nm	Botanical pesticide	Feng and Peng, 2012
Neem seed kernels	Azadirachtin	Nanoemulsion	1–5 μm	Efficient as a pesticide causing high mortality against a storage pest Zabrotes subfasciatus	da costa et al., 2014
Neem oil	Azadirachtin	β-cyclodextrin and PCL	PCL: 4 μm β-cyclodextrin: 83.2 nm	Exhibits high efficacy against nymphs and eggs of Bemisia tabaci infecting soybean	Carvalho et al., 2012
Neem seed kernel: -Neem extract -Neem oil	Azadirachtin	PCL	230–245 nm	Exhibits 100% larval mortality against Plutella xylostella	Forim et al., 2013
Neem oil	Azadirachtin	Silica NPs	20 nm	Exhibits significant insecticidal effect against Tuta absoluta	El-Samahy et al., 2014
Neem leaves	Azadirachtin	Silver NPs	100 nm	Neem coated silver nanoparticles exhibited strong anti-fungal properties (against Aspergillus terreus)	Choudhury et al., 2016