Table 2.
Relationship between maternal and paternal education levels with undernutrition in children—main effects (mutually adjusted)
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother | Father | Mother | Father | Mother | Father | ||||
| Stunting | Non or incomplete primary | Prevalence (%) | 41.96 | 40.61 | 39.95 | 39.00 | 38.77 | 38.55 | |
| (n = 952 253) | 95% CI | (41.77, 42.15) | (40.41, 40.80) | (39.76, 40.13) | (38.81, 39.19) | (38.64, 38.91) | (38.40, 38.70) | ||
| n | 562 691 | 468 144 | 562 691 | 468 144 | 562 691 | 468 144 | |||
| Primary or incomplete secondary | Prevalence (%) | 32.48 | 34.75 | 33.89 | 35.63 | 35.05 | 36.11 | ||
| 95% CI | (32.25, 32.70) | (34.54, 34.95) | (33.67, 34.11) | (35.43, 35.84) | (34.84, 35.26) | (35.94, 36.29) | |||
| n | 253 177 | 304 669 | 253 177 | 304 669 | 253 177 | 304 669 | |||
| Secondary or higher | Prevalence (%) | 24.44 | 31.04 | 30.12 | 33.73 | 32.81 | 34.09 | ||
| 95% CI | (24.12, 24.75) | (30.76, 31.32) | (29.79, 30.45) | (33.45, 34.01) | (32.46, 33.17) | (33.81, 34.38) | |||
| n | 136 385 | 179 440 | 136 385 | 179 440 | 136 385 | 179 440 | |||
| Underweight | Non or incomplete primary | Prevalence (%) | 24.03 | 23.84 | 22.78 | 22.79 | 22.20 | 22.27 | |
| (n = 981 740) | 95% CI | (23.87, 24.19) | (23.67, 24.01) | (22.62, 22.93) | (22.63, 22.95) | (22.09, 22.31) | (22.14, 22.39) | ||
| n | 582 741 | 484 197 | 582 741 | 484 197 | 582 741 | 484 197 | |||
| Primary or incomplete secondary | Prevalence (%) | 16.93 | 18.71 | 17.86 | 19.31 | 18.99 | 19.96 | ||
| 95% CI | (16.75, 17.10) | (18.54, 18.87) | (17.68, 18.04) | (19.14, 19.47) | (18.81, 19.16) | (19.82, 20.11) | |||
| n | 259 558 | 313 121 | 259 558 | 313 121 | 259 558 | 313 121 | |||
| Secondary or higher | Prevalence (%) | 14.95 | 16.69 | 18.44 | 18.43 | 18.74 | 18.70 | ||
| 95% CI | (14.71, 15.19) | (16.47, 16.91) | (18.18, 18.69) | (18.21, 18.65) | (18.48, 19.00) | (18.48, 18.91) | |||
| n | 139 441 | 184 422 | 139 441 | 184 422 | 139 441 | 184 422 | |||
| Wasting | Non or incomplete primary | Prevalence (%) | 9.62 | 9.82 | 9.34 | 9.57 | 9.31 | 9.34 | |
| (n = 941 721) | 95% CI | (9.52, 9.73) | (9.71, 9.94) | (9.24, 9.45) | (9.45, 9.68) | (9.23, 9.38) | (9.24, 9.43) | ||
| n | 556 359 | 462 545 | 556 359 | 462 545 | 556 359 | 462 545 | |||
| Primary or incomplete secondary | Prevalence (%) | 7.95 | 8.20 | 8.19 | 8.35 | 8.45 | 8.66 | ||
| 95% CI | (7.82, 8.07) | (8.08, 8.31) | (8.06, 8.32) | (8.24, 8.47) | (8.33, 8.57) | (8.55, 8.76) | |||
| n | 250 349 | 301 487 | 250 349 | 301 487 | 250 349 | 301 487 | |||
| Secondary or higher | Prevalence (%) | 7.90 | 7.85 | 8.60 | 8.25 | 8.27 | 8.33 | ||
| 95% CI | (7.71, 8.08) | (7.69, 8.01) | (8.40, 8.80) | (8.09, 8.41) | (8.07, 8.47) | (8.16, 8.50) | |||
| n | 135 013 | 177 689 | 135 013 | 177 689 | 135 013 | 177 689 | |||
The table presents unweighted predicted prevalences of undernutrition (all outcomes) with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses below. All models include both maternal and paternal education. Model 1 is only adjusted for child age, sex and country-level fixed effects. Model 2 further controls for child birth order, whether the child was born in a multiple birth, maternal age and partnership status, urban location of household as well as its wealth quintile as measured by household asset ownership. Model 3 is additionally adjusted for local area characteristics (PSU-level fixed effects). All standard errors were clustered on the PSU level.