Table 1.

Details of the neuropsychological battery

Executive dysfunction	Impairment that is two SD below the mean for healthy controls on at least two executive tasks
Stroop colour‐word Test	(a) Priming trial: patients presented with a multi‐colored list of color names and asked to read as many words as they can in 2 min. (b) Inhibitory trial: a similar list is presented but color names (e.g., “blue”) are printed in an ink color not denoted by the name (e.g., red). Correct responses in two minutes are recorded
	Nonexecutive factors (including bulbar disability) contribute equally to both trials. The difference in scores between the two trials represent the number of responses “lost” due to the delay imposed by the extra executive demands in the inhibitory trial
Brixton spatial anticipation test	A rule attainment‐based task whereby the rule in operation cannot be identified by any perceptually salient aspect of the stimuli. It consists of pages showing the same basic array of 10 circles set in two rows of five, with each circle numbered from 1 to 10. The changes in position are governed by a series of simple rules, which vary without warning.
Backward digit span	A measure of auditory attention and working memory. This test is composed of trials where examinees are read strings of digits and are asked to repeat them back aloud. The length of the digit strings is incrementally increased over successive trials
Category fluency	Patients were asked to name as many animals as they could think of in 1 min (spoken only)
Phonemic verbal fluency	Written/spoken, number of words starting with letter “S” generated in 5 min and number of four letter words starting with letter “C” generated in 4 min. Verbal Fluency Index used to adjust for disability
Memory dysfunction	Impairment that is two SD below the mean for healthy controls on at least four* of the parameters highlighted using +
Logical memory (LM)	+LM1 (immediate recall), +LM2 (delayed recall) and +LM retention (retention)
Verbal paired associate (VPA)	+VPA1 (immediate recall), +VPA2 (delayed recall) and +VPA retention (retention)
Auditory Delayed Recognition Task	+Sum of total recognition scores on Logical Memory and Verbal Paired Associates
California verbal learning tests	+Total of five trials, +short delay free recall (immediate recall) +long delay free recall (delayed recall)
Rey‐Osterrieth complex figure test	Nonverbal memory: parameters used: +immediate and +delayed recall trials
Language dysfunction	Impairment that is two SD below the mean for healthy controls on this task
Boston naming test
Visuospatial dysfunction	Impairment that is two SD below the mean for healthy controls on copy trial of this task
Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure Test