Table 2.
Summary: Major society guidelines addressing combination therapy
| CD | UC | |
| American College of Gastroenterology (2009 CD, 2010 UC) | IFX or IFX and AZA superior to AZA | Unknown efficacy of CT |
| European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization and World Congress of Gastroenterology (2011) | IFX and AZA superior to monotherapy (in treatment naïve) | Unknown efficacy of CT |
| American Gastroenterological Association (CD guidelines (2013) | Anti-TNF-α and AZA superior to monotherapy | |
| American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Care Pathways (2014 CD, 2015 UC) | Consider IMM with anti-TNF-α or 2nd/3rd line biologic | Consider IMM with all anti-TNF-α or VDZ use |
| Hong Kong IBD Society (2013) | Anti-TNF-α and AZA superior to monotherapy | CT not addressed |
| Indian Society of Gastroenterology (UC consensus) | CT not addressed | |
| Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology (UC consensus) | CT not addressed | |
| Japanese Society of Gastroenterology (CD guidelines) | CT Not addressed |
IFX: Infliximab; AZA: Azathioprine; IMM: Immunomodulator (includes AZA, 6-mercaptopurine, Methotrexate); VDZ: Vedolizumab; CT: Combination therapy; UC: Ulcerative colitis; CD: Crohn’s disease.