Table 1.
Study Table of Included Cohort Studies Divided by Diabetes Type
| Authors | Data Source | Cancer Site | Follow Up Years | Source | DM (n) | Age | BMI | Non- DM (n) | Age | BMI | Co Morbidity | NOS-Score (0-9) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort Studies | ||||||||||||
| Type 1 diabetes | ||||||||||||
| Zendehdel 2003 Sweden [39] | Swedish inpatient registry | Several | 14.4 | Population | 29,187 | 17.1 | - | External standard population | - | - | - | 8 |
| Type 2 diabetes | ||||||||||||
| Kao 2012 Taiwan [40] | NHIRD | All | 2001-2009 | Population | 22,910 | 56.5 | - | 91,636 | 56.5 | - | - | 8 |
| Bowker 2011 Canada [41] | BCLHD (1996-2006) | Breast | 4.4 | Population | 84,506 | 61.8 | - | 84,506 | 61.8 | - | - | 6 |
| Michels 2003 US [42] | Nurses health study (1976-1998) | Breast | 22 (total) | Nurses | 6,120 | 59.1 | 30.7 | 110,368 | 52.1 | 25.0 | 6 | |
| Campbell 2010 [43] | Cancer prevention study II Nutrition cohort | Colorectal | 1992-2007 | Population | 11,335 | 63 | - | 143,640 | 64 | - | - | 7 |
| Ren 2009 China [44] | Nan-Hu district | Colorectal | - | Population | 7,938 | 61.1 | 23.6 | External standard population | - | - | - | 6 |
| Lai 2006 Taiwan [45] | KCIS (1999-2003) | Liver | 2.78 | Population | 5,732 | - | - | 49,184 | - | - | - | 5 |
| Wang 2009 Taiwan [46] | A-Lein Township | Liver | 8 (total) | Viral hepatitis screened. | 352 | - | - | 5,377 | 53.9 (total) | - | - | 9 |
| Joh 2011 US [47] | Nurses Health study | Kidney | 1976-2008 | Nurses | 6,424 | 57,0 | 30,5 | 107,714 | 56.8 | 25,5 | 6 | |
| Hemminiki 2010 Sweden [48] | Nationwide hospital discharge 1964-2007 | Several | 13 median | Population | 125,126 | - | - | External standard population | - | - | - | 9 |
| Hense 2011 Germany [49] | SHI 2003-2008 | Several | 3.5 median | Disease management programme | 26,742 | 64 | ♂ 29.7 ♀ 31.0 |
External standard population | - | - | - | 6 |
| Lee 2012 Taiwan [50] | NHI programme (1999-2009) | Several | 11 (total) | Population | 104,343 | - | - | 985,815 (Total) | - | - | - | 9 |
| Ogunleye 2009 UK [51] | Tayside | Several | 3.9 | Population (RISCH primary care) |
9,577 | - | - | 19,154 | 62 (total) | - | - | 6 |
| Diabetes type unspecified | ||||||||||||
| Fillenbaum 2000 US [52] | EPESE | Any | 6 (total) | Population | 4034 total | 73.4 | 5 | |||||
| Larsson 2008 Sweden [53] | COSM | Bladder | 9.3 | Population | 2,835 | 64.5 | 27.4 | 43,071 | 60.1 | 25.7 | - | 8 |
| Tripathi 2002 US [54] | IWHS | Bladder | 13 (total) | Population | 6% | - | - | 37,459 (total) | - | - | - | 7 |
| Bosco 2012 US [55] | Black women’s health study | Breast | 10.5 | Population | 1,900 | 49,172 (total) | 6 | |||||
| Chlebowski 2012 US [56] | WHI | Breast | 11.8 | Postmenopausal Population based sample |
3,401 | 62.6 | - | 64,618 | 64.0 | - | - | 7 |
| De Waard 1974 (36) | GP Netherlands | Breast | 5,4 | Population | 7,259 women | 4 | ||||||
| Goodman 1997 Japan [57] | LSS Cohort | Breast | 8.31 | Population (atomic bomb survivors) | - | - | - | 22,200 (total) | - | - | - | 6 |
| Lipscombe 2006 [58] Canada | Ontario 1995-2002 | Breast | 4.5 median | Population | 73,796 | 66.2 | - | 391,714 | 64.9 | - | - | 7 |
| Mink 2002 US [59] | ARIC | Breast | 7.1 | Population | - | - | - | 7,894 (total) | - | - | - | 8 |
| Reeves 2012 US [60] | SOF | Breast | 14,4 | Population | 607 | 7,772 | 7 | |||||
| Sellers 1994 US [61] | IWHS | Breast | 5 (total) | Population | - | - | - | 36,603(total) | - | - | - | 5 |
| Weiderpass 1997 Sweden [62] | Swedish in patient registry | Breast, endometrial | 6.7 | Population | ♂ 63,988 ♀ 70,110 |
♂ 59.2 ♀ 64.2 |
- | External standard population | - | - | - | 6 |
| Lambe 2011 Sweden [63] | AMORIS | Breast, endometrial, ovarian | 11.7 | Population | 5,615 | 58.5 | 26.7 | 225,122 | 46.6 | 23.9 | - | 7 |
| Bowers 2006 Finland [64] | Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study |
Colorectal | 14.1 median | Population | 1,226 | - | - | 27,757 | - | - | - | 7 |
| Flood 2010 UK [65] | BCDDP | Colorectal | 8.4 | Individuals with breast affection and matched healthy individuals (gives no statement on how these were determined). | - | 64.3 | 28.0 | 43,078 | 61.8 | 24.5 | - | 6 |
| Hartz 2012 US [66] | WHI | Colorectal | 8 median | Postmenopausal Population based sample |
4.5% of total | - | - | 150,912 (total) |
63.11 (Total) |
- | - | 7 |
| He 2010 US [67] | Multiethnic cohort | Colorectal | 1993-2006 | Population | ♂15,060 ♀ 16,271 |
- | - | ♂74,418 ♀93,393 |
♂60.2 ♀ 59.7 |
- | - | 7 |
| Hu 1999 US [68] | NHS | Colorectal | 18 (total) | Nurses | 7,069 | 45 | 28 | 111,003 | 42 | 24 | - | 5 |
| Khaw 2004 UK [69] | Norfolk | Colorectal | 6 | Population | - | - | - | 25,623 (total) | 45-79 | - | - | 7 |
| Larsson 2005 [70] Sweden | COSM | Colorectal | 6.2 | Population | 45,550 men (total) | 6 | ||||||
| Limburg 2005 US [71] | IWHS | Colorectal | 14 (total) | Population | 1,900 | 62.3 | 30.6 | 33,072 | 61.5 | 26.8 | - | 7 |
| Nilsen 2001, Norway [72] | Nord-trøndelag | Colorectal | 10.8 median | Population | - | - | - | 75,219 (total) | ♂48.5 ♀49.8 |
- | - | 7 |
| Schoen 1999 US [73] | CHS 1989-1990 | Colorectal | 6.6 | Population | - | - | - | 5,201 | 72.8 (without cancer) |
- | - | 6 |
| Seow 2006 Singapore [74] | Singapore Chinese health study | Colorectal | 7.1 | Population | 5,469 | 60 | 24.1 | 55,851 | 56.0 | 23 | - | 7 |
| Sturmer 2006 US [75] | The Physicians’ Health Study | Colorectal | 19 median | physicians | 9% | - | - | 22,701 | 54 | - | - | 6 |
| Will 1998 US [76] | Cancer prevention study | Colorectal | 1959-1972 | 25 states | 15,487 | ♂57.4 ♀57.8 |
♂25.4 ♀26.2 |
850,946 | ♂52.9 ♀51.7 |
♂25.2 ♀24.2 |
- | 6 |
| Anderson 2001 US [77] | IWHS | Endometrial | 1986-1997 | Population | 1,325 | 62.6 | 30.5 | 23,150 | 61.8 | 26.8 | - | 7 |
| Friberg 2007 Sweden [78] | Uppsala | Endometrial | 7 | Population | 1,628 | 66.5 | 27.5 | 35,145 | 61.7 | 24.9 | - | 8 |
| Lindemann 2008 Norway [79] | HUNT study | Endometrial | 15.7 | Population | 1,010 | - | - | 35,751 | 49 (total) | - | - | 7 |
| Lin 2011 US [80] | NIH-AARP study | Esophagus, gastric | 7.96 | Population | 41,388 | 62.81 | 29.83 | 428,060 | 61.90 | 26.83 | - | 8 |
| Chuma 2008 Japan [81] | Hokkaido University hospital | Liver | 10.2 | Hospital | 19 | 104 (total) | 50.5 (median) | Chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. Hepatitis C virus positive | 7 | |||
| Di constanzo 2008 Italy [82] | Naples (1994-2004) | Liver | 7 median | Hospital | 41 | - | - | 138 (total) | 63.3 | - | Hepatitis C virus cirrhosis | 4 |
| El-Serag 2004 US [83] | PTF 1985-1990 | Liver | 8.6 | Hospital (Veteran Affairs (VA)) | 173,643 | 61.7 | - | 650,620 | 54.5 | - | - | 6 |
| Hung 2011 Taiwan [84] | Chang Gung Memorial Hospital | Liver | 4.4 | Hospital | 253 (T2D) | 56 median | 25 median | 1,217 | 52 median | 24 median | Inteferon therapy for hepatitis c | 7 |
| Ionnau 2007 US [85] | VA 1994-2005 | Liver | 3.6 | Veterans | 452 | - | - | 1,668 | - | - | Cirrhosis | 6 |
| Kavamura 2010 Japan [86] | Toronamon hospital, Tokyo | Liver | 6.7 median | Hospital | 104 | - | - | 1,954 | 50 (total) | - | Inteferon therapy for hepatitis c | 7 |
| N’kontchou2006 France [87] | - | Liver | 4.2 | Screened for HCC | 231 | - | - | 540 | 61.4 total | 25.4 total | alcoholic or viral C cirrhosis | 6 |
| Ohata 2003 Japan [88] | Nagasaki university hospital | Liver | 6.4 | Hospital | 26 | - | - | 161 (total) | 53 | 22.7 0.24 |
Chronic HCV infection | 7 |
| Ohki 2008 Japan [89] | University of Tokyo Hospital 1994-2004 | Liver | 6.1 | Hospital | - | - | - | 1,431 | 60.1 | - | Chronic HCV infection | 7 |
| Tazawa 2002 Japan [90] | Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital | Liver | 5.4 | Hospital | 23 | - | - | 279 (all) | 49.4 | - | Hepatitis C infection | 5 |
| Veldt 2008 Europe and Canada [91] | Hepatology Units | Liver | 4.0 | Hospital | 85 | 51 (median) | 27 (median) | 456 | 49 median | 25 (median) | Hepatitis C and fibrosis or cirrhosis | 6 |
| Adami 1996 Sweden [92] | Swedish in patient register | Liver and biliary tract | 6.7 | Hospital | 153,852 | ♂60.5 ♀65.2 |
- | External standard population | - | - | - | 8 |
| Chen 2010 Taiwan [93] | NHI | Liver and biliary tract | 6.9 median | Population | 615,532 | 60.1 | - | 614,871 | 60.0 | - | - | 9 |
| Ehrlich 2010 US [94] | Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program Northern California |
Lung | 1996- 2005 | Medical Care Program | 70,645 | 60 median | 29.80 | 51,241 | 51 median | 26.06 | - | 7 |
| Hall 2005 UK [95] | GPRD | Lung | 3.95 | Population (primary care) | 66,848 | 60.8 | - | 267,272 | 60.7 | - | - | 8 |
| Lai 2012 Taiwan [96] | NHI Taiwan 1 million random sample cohort | Lung | 2000-2008 | Population | 19624 | 56.4 | 78,496 | 56.5 | 8 | |||
| Luo 2012 US [97] | WHI | Lung | 11 | Postmenopausal Population |
8,154 | 64.3 | 32.1 | 137,611 | 63.0 | 27.7 | - | 7 |
| Cerhan 1997 US [98] | IWHS | NHL | 1986-1992 | Population | - | - | - | 37, 934 (total) | 61.5 (total) | - | - | 6 |
| Erber 2009 US [99] | Multiethnic cohort (MEC) study | NHL | 10 median | Population | 13% | - | - | ♂87,078 ♀105,972 (total) |
- | - | - | 6 |
| Khan 2008 Europe [100] | EPIC | NHL and multiple myeloma | 8.5 | Population | ♂5,111 ♀6,028 |
♂58% ♀56.8% |
- | ♂134,320 ♀248,018 |
♂51.9% ♀50.1% |
- | - | 7 |
| Gapstur 2012 US [101] | Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort |
Ovary | 1992-2007 | Population | 3,577 | 63.6 | - | 59,863 | 62.2 | - | - | 7 |
| Chen 2011 Taiwan [102] | NHI | Pancreas | 6.9 median | Population | 615,532 | 60.1 | - | 614,871 | 60.0 | - | - | 9 |
| Chow 1995 Sweden [103] | Swedish in patient register | Pancreas | 6.8 | Hospital | ♂63,987 ♀70,109 |
- | - | External standard population | - | - | - | 5 |
| Gupta 2006 US [104] | Veterans Health Administration | Pancreas | 1999-2004 | Veterans (developed diabetes) | 36,631 | 61.8 | - | 1,385,163 | 63.6 | - | - | 7 |
| Larsson 2005 Sweden [105] | COSM and SMC | Pancreas | 1997-2004 | Population | - | - | - | ♀37,147 ♂ 45,906 (total) |
♀62 ♂ 60 (total) |
♀25 ♂25.8 (total) |
- | 8 |
| Liao 2012 Taiwan [106] | NHI | Pancreas | 1998-2007 | Population | 49,803 | 55.92 | - | 199,212 | 55.92 | - | - | 8 |
| Shibata 1994 US [107] | Laguna Hills | Pancreas | 9 (total) | Retirement community | - | - | - | 13,976 (total) | 74 | - | - | 6 |
| Stevens 2009 UK [108] | Breast cancer screening | Pancreas | 7.2 | Population | 2,7% | - | - | 1,290,000 | 55.9 | 26.2 | - | 7 |
| Stolzenberg-Solomon 2002 Finland [109] | ATBC | Pancreas | 10.2 median | Population | - | - | - | 29,048 | 57 | 26.0 | Smokers | 8 |
| Yun 2006 Korea [110] | NHIC | Pancreas | 10 (total) | Population | - | - | - | 446407 | - | - | - | 8 |
| Jamal 2009 US [111] | VA | Pancreas and gallbladder | 1990-2000 | Hospital | 278,761 (diabetes patients) | 65.8 | - | 836,283 (non diabetes patients) | 64.8 | - | - | 7 |
| Giovannuci 1998 US [112] | Health professionals follow up study | Prostate | 1986-1994 | Health professionals | 2,551 | - | - | 45,230 | - | - | - | 6 |
| Leitzmann 2008 US [113] | PLCO | Prostate | 8.9 (total) | From a randomized controlled trial, where participants were randomized to cancer screening. | 3,024 | 64.0 | 28.7 | 30,064 | 62.0 | 26.8 | - | 7 |
| Li 2010 Japan [114] | Ohsaki Cohort | Prostate | 1995-2003 | Population | 1,645 | 62.41 | 23.74 | 20,813 | 59.07 | 23.32 | 7 | |
| Rodriguez 2005 US [115] | Cancer prevention study II nutrition cohort | Prostate | 1992-2001 | Population | 10,053 | 62,617 | 7 | |||||
| Thompson 1989 US [116] | Rancho bernardo | Prostate | 14 (total) | Population | - | - | - | 1,776 (all) | 65.9 | 25.62 | - | 7 |
| Velicer 2007 US [117] | VITAL | Prostate | 2000-2004 | Population (mailing list) | 2,878 | 64.3 | 30.5 | 32,361 | 61.5 | 27.4 | - | 6 |
| Waters 2009 US [118] | The Multiethnic Cohort | Prostate | 1993-2005 | Population | 10,825 | - | - | 86,303 total | 59.9 | - | - | 7 |
| Weiderpass 2002 Sweden [119] | Swedish In-Patient Register | Prostate | 5.6 | Population | 135,950 | 61.7 | - | External standard population | - | - | - | 6 |
| Will 1999 US [120] | 25 states 1959-1972 |
Prostate | 13 (total) | Population | 6,086 | - | - | 298,979 | - | - | - | 5 |
| Nicodemus 2004 US [121] | IWHS 1986-2000 | Kidney | 15 total | Population (drivers license list) | - | - | - | 34,637 (total) | - | - | - | 6 |
| Adami 1991 Sweden [122] | Uppsala In patient registry | Several | 1965-1984 | Hospital | 51,008 | - | - | Expected | - | - | - | 5 |
| Atchison 2010, US [123] | VA hospitals | Several | 10.5 (median) | Veterans (male) | 594,815 | 57.5 | - | 3,906,763 | 51.5 | - | - | 7 |
| Carstensen 2012 Denmark [124] | Central personal register | Several | 1995-2009 | The entire Danish Population | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7 |
| Chodick 2010 Israel [125] | Maccabi Healthcare Services |
Several | 8 | Population | 16,721 | 61.6 | - | 83,874 | 61.6 | - | - | 8 |
| Dankner 2007 Israel [126] | Population registry | Several | 20 (total) | Population | 437 | 57.6 | - | 1,740 | 51.9 | - | - | 8 |
| Folsom 2008 [127] | ARIC 1987-1989 | Several | 1987-2000 | Population | - | - | - | 13,117 (total) | - | - | - | 8 |
| Hjalgrim 1997 Denmark [128] | All men born1949-1964 with DM before age 20 | Several | 1968-1992 | Population | 1,659 | - | - | External standard population | - | - | - | 3 |
| Hjalgrim 1997 Denmark [128] | funen county | Several | 1973-1992 | Population | 1,499 | - | - | External standard population | - | - | - | 4 |
| Inoue 2006 Japan [129] | Japan Public Health Center–Based Prospective Study |
Several | 10.7 | Population | ♂3,097♀ 1,571 | ♂54 ♀ 56 |
- | ♂43,451 ♀ 49,652 |
♂51.2 ♀ 51.6 |
- | - | 7 |
| Jee 2005 Korea [130] | NHIC | Several | 10 total | government employees, teachers and dependents (10.7% of total population) | ♂5.1% ♀4.5% |
- | - | ♂829,770 ♀468,615 (total) |
♂45.3 ♀49.6 |
♂23.2 ♀23.2 |
- | 7 |
| Johnson 2011 [131] Canada | BCLHD | Several | 4,3 | Population | 185,100 | 60.7 | 185,100 | 60.7 | 8 | |||
| Joshu 2012 US [132] | ARIC (1990-2006) | Several | 15 median | Population | ♀ 626 ♂ 499 |
♀ 58.5 ♂ 58.8 |
♀ 31.5 ♂ 30.0 |
11,667 | - | - | - | 6 |
| Khan 2006 Japan [133] | JACC | Several | 1988-1997 | Population | 3,307 | 40-79 | - | 53,574 | 40-79 | - | - | 7 |
| Ragozzino 1982 US [134] | Rochester, Minnesota | Several | - | Population | 1,135 | - | - | External standard population | - | - | - | 4 |
| Rapp 2006 Austria [135] | VHM&PP | Several | 8.4 | Population | 3.4% | - | - | 140,813 | 43 | - | - | 8 |
| Steenland 1995 US [136] | NHANES I | Several | 7.7 | Civilian population | - | - | - | 14,407 | 60 (cases) 48 (non-cases) | - | - | 7 |
| Swerdlow 2005 UK [137] | The diabetes uk cohort | Several | 1972-2003 | Population | 29,701 | 0-49 | - | External standard population | - | - | - | 6 |
| Wideroff 1997 [138] Denmark | Danish Central Hospital Discharge Register |
Several | 1977-1993 | Hospital | 109, 581 | ♂ 64 ♀69 median |
- | External standard population | - | - | - | 6 |
| Wotton 2011 UK [139] | ORLS 1 | Several | 1963-1998 | Hospital | 15,898 | - | - | 275,564 | - | - | - | 7 |
| Wotton 2011 UK [139] | ORLS 2 | Several | 1999-2008 | Hospital | 7,771 | - | - | 185,123 | - | - | - | 7 |
| Yeh 2012 US [140] | CLUE II | Several | 1989-2006 | Population | 599 | 61.8 | 29.5 | 17,681 | 51.5 | 26.3 | - | 7 |
| Aschebrook-kilfoy 2011 US [141] | NIH-AARP study | Thyroid | 10 | Population | 44,693 | 62.9 | 29.9 | 451,855 | 61.9 | 26.8 | - | 7 |
| Kitahara 2012 US [142] | Pooled analysis of 5 cohort studies | Thyroid | 10.5 median | Previous studies | 8% | - | - | 674,491 (total) | 59.8 | - | - | 7 |
| Meinhold 2010 US [143] | US Radiologic Technologists Study |
Thyroid | 15.8 | Radiologic technologists | - | - | - | ♀69,50 6 ♂21,207 (total) |
♂43.3 ♀39.3 | - | - | 6 |