Table 2.
The efficacy of S. miltiorrhiza in CVD animal models.
| Animal Model | Drug and Dose | Duration | Main Findings | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spontaneously hypertensive Rats | Danshensu; 10 mg/kg/d. | 6 weeks | Decrease in heart weight to body weight index and blood pressure; Decrease in ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation; Increase in serum nitric oxide content and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity. | [74] | |
| Spontaneously hypertensive Rats | S. miltiorrhiza; 1 g/kg/d. | 12 weeks | Decrease in left ventricular mass index, cardiomyocyte size, diameter, collagen volume fraction, perivascular circumferential area, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression. | [75] | |
| Hypertension rats | Tanshinone II-A; 70, 35 mg/kg/d. | 6 weeks | Attenuatation of the attendant interstitial fibrosis; Inhition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitors of MMP-1 expressions. | [76] | |
| Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury rat | Cryptotanshinone; 125 or 250 µg/kg. | 10 minitues before ischemia |
Inhibition of the translocation of nuclear transcription factor-kappa B and suppressed expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin-1 β), and decreased the myeloperoxidase activity. | [77] | |
| Porcine closed-chest model | Salvianolate; 10 mg/kg/day. |
7 days | Improvement in myocardial perfusion; Increase in capillary density and decrease in infarct sizes; Elevatation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, thioredoxin activity and glutathione concentration; Decrease in malondialdehyde concentration. | [78] | |
| Myocardial ischemia rats | Salvianolic acid B; 20 mg/kg/d. |
7 days | Improvement in the abnormal metabolites. | [79] | |
| Cholesterol-fed Rabbits | 5% water-soluble extract of S. miltiorrhiza. | 12 weeks | Improvement in endothelial damage, atherosclerotic area in the abdominal aorta, and cholesterol deposition in the thoracic aorta. | [80] | |
| LAD ligation induced MI rats | Tanshinone II A; 60 mg/kg/day. | 1 week | Decrease in infarct sizes and collagen deposition; Improvement in heart recovery. | [81] | |
| High fatty diet induced rabbit atherosclerosis | Tanshinone II A; 6.25, 15.00 and 37.50 mg/kg/day. | 2 months | Increase in SOD activity; Decrease in malondialdehyde level; Decrease in cluster of differentiation (CD) 40 expression and MMP-2 activity. | [1] | |
| Atherosclerosis rats | Salvianolate; 60, 120 or 240 mg/kg. | 12 weeks | Decrease in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein; Increase in the numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells. | [82] | |
| Atherosclerosis rabbits | Salvianolic acid B; 8 mg/kg/d. TanshinoneIIA; 24 mg/kg/d. |
8 weeks | Decrease in triglyceride level; Increase in nitric oxide level. | [9] | |
| Hypoxia or monocrotaline rats | Tanshinone IIA; 10 mg/kg. | 4 weeks or 21 days | Decrease in pulmonary artery wall remodeling (thickened small pulmonary artery vessel walls and deflated vessel lumina) and right ventricular systolic pressure. | [83, 84] | |
| Isoproterenol induced myocardial hypertrophy rats | Danshensu; 3 and 10 mg/kg/. | from day 4 to day 7 during isoproterenol treatment | Decrease in heart/body weight index and arrhythmia scores; Improvement in left ventricle systolic pressure and left ventricle end diastolic pressure and electrocardiogram parameters; Increase in SOD and connexin 43 expression. | [85] | |
| Phenylephrine induced male SD rats | Magnesium tanshinoate B; 0.7-175 mg/kg. | infusion of the same agent via the left femoral vein every 15 mins | Decrease in blood pressure. | [86] | |
| Endothelin-1 induced portal hypertension mice |
S. miltiorrhiza; 0.125 g/mouse. Salvianolic acid B; 0.5 mg/mouse. |
3 days | Decrease in the average blood flow velocity in liver. | [87] | |
| Isolated rat hearts of ischemia reperfusion (I/R) | Danshensu; 1 and 10 µM. The extract of S. miltiorrhiza; 29.76 or 59.52 mg/kg. |
5 days | Increase in CF, heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure, and the recovery of ± dp/dtmax; Decrease in infarct sizes; Inhibition of oxidative stress through regualting Akt/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 signaling pathway. | [88, 89] | |
| Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice | Cryptotanshinone; 15 and 45 mg/kg/day. | 22 weeks | Significant reduction in atherosclerotic plaque formation and enhanced plaque stability; Decrease in lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. | [90] | |
| Animal Model | Drug and Dose | Duration | Main Findings | Refs. | |
| Carotid artery balloon injury rats | Magnesium lithospermate B; 10 mg/kg/day. | 28 days | Inhibition of neointimal formation. | [68] | |
| LAD induced M/I mice | Danshen; 3 and 6 g/kg/day. | 4 weeks | Increase in hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression. | [91] | |
| LAD induced M/I rats | S. miltiorrhiza polysaccharides pretreatment with 400 and 800 mg/kg | one week | Decrease in the infarct sizes; Improvement of Na+–K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities; Alleviatation of oxidative stress; Inhibition of myocardial apoptosis | [92] | |