Table 3.
Effects of fitness change on academic rankings by sex in New York City public school students in grades 6–8, 2006–11
| Girls (N=42,718) | Unadjusteda | Adjustedb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Beta | 95% CI | Beta | 95% CI | ||
| Starting Academic Ranking by Fitness Change | |||||
| Reference | 50.74*** | (49.59,51.88) | 66.12*** | (63.90,68.34) | |
| Substantial Increasec | −0.59** | (−0.97, −0.21) | −0.44* | (−0.81, −0.08) | |
| Moderate Increase | 0.13 | (−0.35,0.61) | 0.28 | (−0.19,0.75) | |
| Moderate Decrease | −0.18 | (−0.68,0.32) | −0.08 | (−0.56,0.41) | |
| Substantial Decrease | −0.56** | (−0.97, −0.21) | −0.26 | (−0.66,0.13) | |
|
| |||||
| Academic Change by Fitness Changed | |||||
| Referencee | 0.91*** | (0.75,1.08) | 0.70*** | (0.47,0.94) | |
| Substantial Increase | 0.34* | (0.06,0.62) | 0.36* | (0.09,0.63) | |
| Moderate Increase | −0.07 | (−0.41,0.28) | −0.10 | (−0.43,0.23) | |
| Moderate Decrease | −0.33 | (−0.68,0.02) | −0.33 | (−0.67,0.01) | |
| Substantial Decrease | −0.25 | (−0.54,0.04) | −0.40** | (−0.68, −0.12) | |
| Boys (N=40,393) | Unadjusteda | Adjustedb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Beta | 95% CI | Beta | 95% CI | ||
| Starting Academic Ranking by Fitness Change | |||||
| Reference | 46.94*** | (45.77,48.11) | 62.15*** | (59.75,64.55) | |
| Substantial Increasec | −0.37 | (−0.77,0.02) | −0.27 | (−0.66,0.12) | |
| Moderate Increase | −0.32 | (−0.82,0.18) | −0.19 | (−0.67,0.30) | |
| Moderate Decrease | −0.03 | (−0.48,0.54) | 0.10 | (−0.40,0.60) | |
| Substantial Decrease | 0.15 | (−0.26,0.57) | 0.32 | (−0.09,0.73) | |
|
| |||||
| Academic Change by Fitness Changed | |||||
| Referencee | −0.10 | (−0.27,0.07) | −0.44*** | (−0.69, −0.20) | |
| Substantial Increase | 0.41** | (0.12,0.70) | 0.38* | (0.09,0.66) | |
| Moderate Increase | 0.26 | (−0.09,0.61) | 0.18 | (−0.17,0.52) | |
| Moderate Decrease | −0.04 | (−0.40,0.32) | −0.05 | (−0.40,0.31) | |
| Substantial Decrease | −0.47** | (−0.78, −0.17) | −0.55*** | (−0.85, −0.25) | |
Unadjusted fitness results are based on a model that included fixed effects for time, fitness change, and an interaction of fitness by time. Random effects are included for intercept and time at the student level, and intercept at the school level.
Fully adjusted models include fixed effects for fitness change, obesity change, starting fitness score, school-area poverty, ethnicity, student poverty, language spoken at home, place of birth, ethnicity by time, fitness change by time, and obesity change by time.
Substantial Increase: >20 percentile point increase, moderate increase: 10–20 percentile point increase, moderate decrease: 10–20 percentile point decrease, substantial decrease: >20 percentile point decrease.
Fixed effect for exposure and time interaction are the values for rate of change in exposure groups.
Fixed effect for time is the value of the reference group rate of change.
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001.