Table 2.

Knowledge Gaps for Palliative Care for Older Patients with Advanced Kidney Disease

Area	Knowledge gap
What matters most to older adults with advanced CKD and those who care for them near the end of life?	1. End-of-life experience of older adults with advanced kidney disease
	2. Roles, experiences, and perspectives of those who care for older adults with advanced kidney disease
	3. Research priorities of older adults with advanced kidney disease and their caregivers
What are the most effective approaches to supporting older adults and their caregivers to navigate complex treatment decisions?	1. Interventions to support older adults and caregivers facing decisions surrounding dialysis initiation.
	2. Tailored shared decision-making approaches to meet the needs of older adults and their caregivers.
	3. The optimal use of prognostic information in the decision-making process.
	4. Advance care planning interventions that facilitate provision of end-of-life care consistent with patients' goals and preferences.
How do we reconfigure the health system to ensure that older adults with advanced CKD receive care that supports their goals and is consistent with their values and preferences?	1. Optimal use of symptom assessment tools
	2. The effect of different payment models and/or pay-for-performance incentives on uptake of palliative care, and effectiveness of different models for delivering palliative care
	3. Measure outcomes of conservative, nondialytic care.
	4. The effectiveness of concurrent dialysis and hospice care in dying patients