Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristics | All patients | Schizophrenia only | Schizophrenia and ADHD/CD | Schizophrenia and dementia/delirium | Schizophrenia and epilepsy | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 45,201 | 26,067 | 663 | 12,952 | 5519 | |
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 63.83 ± 20.44 | 61.91 ± 19.56 | 24.30 ± 21.15 | 75.12 ± 15.02 | 51.17 ± 19.13 | <0.001 |
| ≤20 | 1632 (4) | 785 (3) | 430 (65) | 62 (1) | 355 (6) | |
| 21–40 | 5341 (12) | 3434 (13) | 77 (12) | 528 (4) | 1302 (24) | |
| 41–60 | 9730 (22) | 6493 (25) | 87 (13) | 1209 (9) | 1941 (35) | |
| 61–80 | 17,659 (39) | 10,581 (41) | 62 (9) | 5426 (42) | 1590 (29) | |
| >80 | 10,839 (24) | 4774 (18) | 7 (1) | 5727 (44) | 331 (6) | |
| Gender | <0.001 | |||||
| Male | 24,067 (49) | 12,954 (50) | 457 (69) | 5853 (45) | 2780 (50) | |
| Female | 25,159 (51) | 13,113 (50) | 206 (31) | 7099 (55) | 2739 (50) | |
| CCI score (mean ± SD) | 1.89 ± 1.65 | 2.01 ± 1.76 | 1.62 ± 1.46 | 1.78 ± 1.5 | 1.75 ± 1.54 | <0.001 |
| ≤2 | 10,124 (82) | 5185 (80) | 54 (89) | 3772 (84) | 1113 (84) | |
| 3–5 | 1475 (12) | 809 (12) | 3 (5) | 526 (12) | 137 (10) | |
| >5 | 798 (6) | 520 (8) | 4 (7) | 204 (5) | 70 (5) | |
| Co-morbidities | ||||||
| Liver disease | 4126 (9) | 2376 (9) | 35 (5) | 1094 (8) | 621 (11) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 2323 (5) | 1275 (5) | 14 (2) | 695 (5) | 339 (6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes without complications | 2462 (5) | 1468 (6) | 7 (1) | 786 (6) | 201 (4) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes with complications | 1675 (4) | 894 (3) | 4 (1) | 607 (5) | 170 (3) | <0.001 |
| Renal disease | 888 (2) | 482 (2) | 1 (0.2) | 333 (3) | 72 (1) | <0.001 |
| Mental co-morbidities | ||||||
| Depression | 7773 (17) | 4208 (16) | 80 (12) | 1956 (15) | 1529 (28) | <0.001 |
| Epilepsy, recurrent seizure | 3606 (8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3606 (65) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety disorder | 3349 (7) | 1923 (7) | 39 (6) | 716 (6) | 671 (12) | <0.001 |
| Dysthymia | 732 (2) | 391 (2) | 17 (3) | 152 (1) | 172 (3) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol dependence | 488 (1) | 280 (1) | 4 (1) | 111 (1) | 93 (2) | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as n (%) unless specified otherwise. P values show the difference between the four groups (schizophrenia only, schizophrenia and ADHD/CD, schizophrenia and dementia/delirium, and schizophrenia and epilepsy)
SD standard deviation, ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, CD conduct disorder, CCI Charlson co-morbidity index