Table 3.
Univariate (crude HR) and multivariate (adjusted HR) analysis of factors associated with DM
| Variable | Crude HR (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.04 (1.04, 1.04) | <0.001* | 1.03 (1.03, 1.04) | <0.001* |
| Sex (male to female) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.97) | 0.008* | 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) | 0.299 |
| Disease group | ||||
| AS | Reference | Reference | ||
| RA | 1.99 (1.81, 2.20) | <0.001* | 1.90 (1.61, 2.25) | <0.001* |
| PS/PSA | 3.50 (3.13, 3.91) | <0.001* | 3.09 (2.63, 3.62) | <0.001* |
| Disease duration | ||||
| ≤5 years | Reference | Reference | ||
| >5–10 years | 1.45 (1.28, 1.64) | <0.001* | 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) | 0.004* |
| >10 years | 1.22 (0.92, 1.63) | 0.168 | 0.51 (0.38, 0.69) | <0.001* |
| Pretreatment CCI | ||||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1 | 1.15 (1.04, 1.26) | 0.005* | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 0.459 |
| 2–4 | 1.87 (1.68, 2.08) | <0.001* | 1.28 (1.13, 1.44) | <0.001* |
| ≥5 | 1.96 (1.56, 2.47) | <0.001* | 1.36 (1.08, 1.72) | 0.010* |
| Pretreatment prednisolone dosea | ||||
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| ≤1 mg/day | 1.36 (1.25, 1.48) | <0.001* | 1.35 (1.22, 1.48) | <0.001* |
| >1 mg/day | 1.47 (1.32, 1.64) | <0.001* | 1.45 (1.27, 1.65) | <0.001* |
| DMARD group | Reference | Reference | ||
| Anti-TNF (CSA/HCQ: −/−) | 1.64 (1.29, 2.10) | <0.001* | 1.18 (0.89, 1.56) | 0.244 |
| Anti-TNF (CSA/HCQ: +/−) | 0.98 (0.44, 2.18) | 0.957 | 0.72 (0.32, 1.62) | 0.428 |
| Anti-TNF (CSA/HCQ: −/+) | 0.73 (0.54, 1.01) | 0.056 | 0.44 (0.31, 0.63) | <0.001* |
| Anti-TNF (CSA/HCQ: +/+) | 0.84 (0.47, 1.48) | 0.541 | 0.65 (0.36, 1.17) | 0.152 |
| CSA | 1.66 (1.39, 1.98) | <0.001* | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.256 |
| HCQ | 1.12 (1.03, 1.21) | 0.011* | 0.57 (0.50, 0.65) | <0.001* |
| Prednisolone | 0.81 (0.74, 0.89) | <0.001* | 0.67 (0.60, 0.74) | <0.001* |
| MTX | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.230 | 0.58 (0.53, 0.64) | <0.001* |
| SSZ | 0.42 (0.38, 0.45) | <0.001* | 0.65 (0.59, 0.71) | <0.001* |
| LEF | 0.60 (0.50, 0.71) | <0.001* | 0.62 (0.51, 0.74) | <0.001* |
| AZA | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 0.929 | 0.96 (0.81, 1.15) | 0.694 |
Notes: Reference for DMARD group: other nonbiologic DMARDs without TNF inhibitors, CSA, or HCQ.
a
Daily average-equivalent dose in the 1 year before the index date.
*
P<0.05 indicates a significant association with DM.
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; DM, diabetes mellitus; CI, confidence interval; AS, ankylosing spondylitis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; PS/PSA, psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; CSA, cyclosporine; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; MTX, methotrexate; SSZ, sulfasalazine; LEF, leflunomide; AZA, azathioprine.