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. 2017 Apr 3;188(3):455–466. doi: 10.1111/cei.12949

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Soluble programmed cell death‐1 (sPD‐1) is induced in vitro by tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)‐6 in HC CD4+ T cell cultures and can be detected in serum and synovial fluid (SF) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients. (a–c) sPD‐1 levels in supernatants of healthy control (HC) CD4+ T cells stimulated with (a) TNFα (10 ng/ml) or TNFα+ adalimumab (ADA; 1 µg/ml) (n = 7), (b) IL‐6 (10 ng/ml) or IL‐6+ tocilizumab (TOC; 1 µg/ml) (n = 5–‐7) and (c) IL‐1β (10 ng/ml) or IL‐1β+ anti‐IL‐1β (anti‐IL‐1β; 1 µg/ml) (n = 5). (d) sPD‐1 levels (median with interquartile range) in RA and PsA paired serum/synovial fluid (SF) and osteoarthritis (OA) serum/SF (OA, n = 3–4; RA, n = 17; PsA, n = 18). (e) sPD‐1 levels (median with interquartile range) in control disease OA (n = 3–4), RA (n = 5) and PsA (n = 6–7) serum and SF of patients treated with TNFi versus non‐TNFi therapy. Data in (a,b,c,e) were analysed by Mann–Whitney test while data in (d) were analysed by Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison test. *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001.