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. 2017 May 8;10:119. doi: 10.1186/s13068-017-0804-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Separation superstructure for intracellular (IN) insoluble (NSL) solid (SLD) heavy (HV) commodity (CMD) product. It consists of three stages distinguished using different colors: (I) cell and product isolation: red; (II) product concentration: green; and (III) product purification and refinement: blue. The technologies involved are flocculation (Flc), sedimentation (Sdm), centrifugation (Cnt,1,2,3,4), filtration (Ftt,1,2), acid hydrolysis (Ahy), enzyme lysis (Ely), bead mill (Bml), membrane processes [microfiltration (MF,1,2,3,4) and reverse osmosis (RO,1,2)], differential digestion (Ddg), solubilization (Slb), precipitation (Prc), and drying (Dry). An option for bypassing (Byp) a set of parallel technologies is included in stage I