Table 1.

Technology options available for performing the tasks listed in three separation stages

Tasks	Technologies
Pretreatment	Flocculation (Flc), coagulation (Cog)
Cell harvesting	Sedimentation (Sdm), filtration (Ftt), centrifugation (Cnt), flotation (Flt), microfiltration (MF)
Cell disruption	Bead mill (Bml), chemical lysis (Chy), enzyme lysis (Ely), homogenization (Hph)
Phase isolation: cell component separation	Sedimentation (Sdm), filtration (Ftt), centrifugation (Cnt), flotation (Flt), membranes (Mbr- MF (microfiltration), UF (ultrafiltration), and RO (reverse osmosis))
Phase isolation: product phase formation	Differential digestion (Ddg), solubilization (Slb)
Product concentration	Extraction (Ext), ATPE, evaporation (Evp), precipitation (Prc), membranes (MF, UF, NF (nanofiltration), RO), distillation (Dst), adsorption (Ads)
Product purification	Chromatography (Chr), crystallization (Crs), pervaporation (Pvp), membranes (Mbr-MF, UF, NF, RO)
Product refinement	Drying (Dry), bleaching (Blc)

ATPE aqueous two-phase extraction