Table 2.
The medicinal plants used for the treatment of some urinary tract diseases, the plant parts used, use values, choice value, frequency of citation, modes and methods of preparation
| Scientific names | Arabic local names | English common names | Family | Voucher specimen codes | Urinary tract diseases | Part used and mode of preparation | Method of preparation | # Informant 144 | FC, % | UV | CV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paronychia argentea Lam. | رجل الحمام | Chickweed, Algerian tea | Caryophyllaceae | Pharm-PCT-1793 | Kidney stones | Entire plant/Boil about 100 g of the plant in 100 ml water. 30 ml of this decoction is to be given orally before each meal. | Decoction | 140 | 97.22 | 0.97 | 1.71 |
| Curcuma longa L. | كركم | Turmeric | Zingiberaceae | Pharm-PCT-2709 | Enuresis | Roots/Steep 150 g of the roots in 200 ml water for two hours. This infusion is to be given after each meal. | Infusion | 135 | 93.75 | 0.94 | 1.64 |
| Plantago ovata Forssk. | لسان الحمل البيضوي | Blond Psyllium | Plantaginaceae | Pharm-PCT-1891 | Kidney stones | Seeds/About 50 g of dried and ground seeds are to be given orally once daily. | Powder | 134 | 93.06 | 0.93 | 1.63 |
| Portulaca oleracea L. | فرفحينه | Common Purslane | Portulacaceae | Pharm-PCT-1935 | Renal failure | Entire plant/10 drops of the fresh plant juice are to be given twice daily. | Juice | 134 | 93.06 | 0.93 | 1.63 |
| Punica granatum L. | رمان | Pomegranate | Lythraceae | Pharm-PCT-2721 | Kidney stones | Fruits/300 ml of Pomegranate juice obtained from the fruits is to be given five times a day. | Juice | 133 | 92.36 | 0.92 | 1.62 |
| Juglans regia L. | جوز | Walnuts | Juglandaceae | Pharm-PCT-2714 | Prostatic enlargement | Bark/Boil 100 g from the ground bark in 300 ml water for 30 min. 50 ml of this decoction is to be given twice daily. | Decoction | 132 | 91.67 | 0.92 | 1.61 |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | کیس الراعي | Shepherd’s-Purse | Brassicaceae | Pharm-PCT-497 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/ Boil about 100 g from the ground fruits in 300 ml water. Give 100 ml three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 132 | 91.67 | 0.92 | 1.61 |
| Quercus infectoria subsp. veneris (A.Kern.) Meikle | بلوطحلبي | Aleppo Oak | Fagaceae | Pharm-PCT-1977 | Prostatic enlargement | Entire plant/Boil about 50 g of the any plant part in 200 ml water. 50 ml of this decoction is to be given four times a day with meals. | Decoction | 119 | 82.64 | 0.83 | 1.45 |
| Crocus sativus L. | زعفران | Saffron | Iridaceae | Pharm-PCT-2733 | Enuresis | Flowers/Steep 40 g of the flowers in 100 ml boiled water for 8 h. 15 ml from this infusion is to be given two times a day | Infusion | 118 | 81.94 | 0.82 | 1.44 |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | كركديه | Roselle | Malvaceae | Pharm-PCT-2752 | Urinary tract infection | Flower/Boil about 150 g of the plant in 100 ml water. 40 ml of this decoction is to be given orally before each meal. | Decoction | 112 | 77.78 | 0.78 | 1.36 |
| Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. | الخله المصريه | Khella | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-139 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/Boil about 250 g of the plant in 500 ml water. 100 ml of this decoction is to be given orally three to five times a day. | Decoction | 102 | 70.83 | 0.71 | 1.24 |
| Ammi majus L. | الخله الشيطانيه | Bishop’s Flower, Bishop’s weed | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-138 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/Boil about 30 g of fruits in 100 ml water for 5 min. This decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 98 | 68.06 | 0.68 | 1.19 |
| Taraxacum syriacum Boiss. | هندباء | Silkweed | Compositae | Pharm-PCT-2396 | Kidney stones | Roots/Boil about 300 g of the plant in 500 ml water. 100 ml of this decoction is to be given orally before each meal. | Decoction | 95 | 65.97 | 0.66 | 1.16 |
| Sambucus ebulus L. | البيلسان | Danewort | Adoxaceae | Pharm-PCT-2135 | Enuresis, prostatic enlargement. | Leaves/Steep 200 g of the powdered leaves in 500 ml boiled water for 12 h. About 100 ml from this infusion is to be given three times daily. | Infusion | 92 | 63.89 | 0.64 | 1.12 |
| Morus alba L. | توت ابيض | White Mulberry | Moraceae | Pharm-PCT-2750 | Kidney stones | Fruits/150 ml of fresh juice are to be given orally every two hours. | Juice | 91 | 63.19 | 0.63 | 1.11 |
| Zea mays L. | ذره | Maize | Poaceae | Pharm-PCT-2747 | Prostatic enlargement, urinary tract infections | Flower stigmas (corn silk) | Infusion | 72 | 50.00 | 0.58 | 1.02 |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | شومر | Fennel | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-1041 | Kidney stones, urinary tract infection | Fruits/ Boil about 50 g of the fruits in 50 ml water. 25 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 78 | 54.17 | 0.54 | 0.95 |
| Daucus carota L. | جزر بري | Wild carrot | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-829 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/ Boil about 150 g of the powder in 600 ml water. About 150 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 69 | 47.92 | 0.48 | 0.84 |
| Buddleja coriacea Remy | عفار | Butterfly bush | Scrophulariaceae | Pharm-PCT-2746 | Enuresis | Flowers/Boil about 20 g of the flowers in 200 ml water. About 50 ml of this decoction is to be given once daily. | Infusion | 67 | 46.53 | 0.47 | 0.82 |
| Persea americana Mill. | افوكادو | Avocado | Lauraceae | Pharm-PCT-2740 | Enuresis | Leaves/Boil about 50 g of leaves in 150 ml water for 5 min. This decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 66 | 45.83 | 0.46 | 0.80 |
| Cucurbita pepo L. | قرع | Pumpkin | Cucurbitaceae | Pharm-PCT-2762 | Prostatic enlargement | Seeds/ Boil about 100 g of the seeds in 600 ml water. About 50 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 66 | 45.83 | 0.46 | 0.80 |
| Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. | كنباث أفرع | Branched Horsetail | Equisetaceae | Pharm-PCT-915 | Renal failure | Entire plant/ Boil about 50 g of the powder in 600 ml water. About 100 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 66 | 45.83 | 0.46 | 0.80 |
| Ferula communis L. | كلخ | Common Giant Fennel | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-1016 | Kidney stones | Fruits/Steep 50 g of the plant in 150 ml boiled water for 12 h. 10 ml from this infusion is to be given two times a day | Infusion | 65 | 45.14 | 0.45 | 0.79 |
| Rosa canina L. | ورد السياج | Rose hips, Dog-rose | Rosaceae | Pharm-PCT-2052 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/Boil about 70 g of leaves in 150 ml water for 15 min. This decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 65 | 45.14 | 0.45 | 0.79 |
| Ficus sycomorus L. | جميز | Fig-Mulberry | Moraceae | Pharm-PCT-1030 | Urinary tract infection, renal failure | Fruits/Extract 100 ml of juice to be given orally five times a day. | Juice | 63 | 43.75 | 0.44 | 0.77 |
| Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss | بقدونس | Garden Parsley | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-2739 | Prostatic enlargement, urinary tract infections, kidney stones | Fruits/Boil about 100 g from the powdered fruits in 600 ml water. About 150 ml from this decoction is to be given 4–5 times daily. | Decoction | 44 | 30.56 | 0.43 | 0.76 |
| Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. | الصمغ العربي | Arabic Gum | Leguminosae | Pharm-PCT-2755 | Kidney stones | Gum/About 20 g of gum are to be given orally twice daily with a cup of milk. | Powder | 61 | 42.36 | 0.42 | 0.74 |
| Raphanus raphanistrum L. | فجل بري | Radish | Brassicaceae | Pharm-PCT-2007 | Kidney stones | Seeds/ Boil about 250 g of the powder in 750 ml water. About 150 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 59 | 40.97 | 0.41 | 0.72 |
| Olea europaea L. | زيتون | Olive | Oleaceae | Pharm-PCT-1664 | Renal failure | Fruits/Three table spoons of Olive oil is to be given orally twice a day. | Oil | 57 | 39.58 | 0.40 | 0.69 |
| Apium graveolens L. | كرفس | Celery | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-204 | Prostatic enlargement | Entire plant/Ten drops of Celery entire plant juice are to be given orally three times a day. | Juice | 56 | 38.89 | 0.39 | 0.68 |
| Astracantha gummifera (Labill.) Podlech | الكثيراء | Tragacanth | Leguminosae | Pharm-PCT-2754 | Kidney stones | Gum/About 50 g of gum are to be given orally three times daily with 2 cups of water. | Powder | 55 | 38.19 | 0.38 | 0.67 |
| Urtica pilulifera L. | القريص الشائك | Roman Nettle | Urticaceae | Pharm-PCT-2561 | Kidney stones, Urinary tract infections | Roots/Boil about 20 g of the powder in 100 ml water. About 30 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day. | Decoction | 55 | 38.19 | 0.38 | 0.67 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. | عنب الدب | Bearberry | Ericaceae | Pharm-PCT-2705 | Urinary tract infection | Leaves/Boil about 90 g from the dried leaves in 400 ml water. About 50 ml from this decoction is to be given 3–5 times daily. | Decoction | 55 | 38.19 | 0.38 | 0.67 |
| Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | قرفه | Cinnamon | Lauraceae | Pharm-PCT-2707 | Prostatic enlargement | Bark/ Boil about 80 g from the dried powdered plant in 400 ml water. About 50 ml from this decoction is to be given 3–5 times daily. | Decoction | 54 | 37.50 | 0.38 | 0.66 |
| Angelica archangelica L. | حشيشة الملاك | Wild Celery | Apiaceae | Pharm-PCT-2758 | Kidney stones | Roots/Boil about 100 g from the dried powdered plant in 500 ml water. About 50 ml from this decoction is to be given 4–5 times daily. | Decoction | 51 | 35.42 | 0.35 | 0.62 |
| Lolium temulentum L. | زوان مسكر | Darnel | Poaceae | Pharm-PCT-1453 | Enuresis | Seeds/Boil about 200 g from the dried powdered plant in 500 ml water. About 100 ml from this decoction is to be given twice daily. | Decoction | 44 | 30.56 | 0.31 | 0.54 |
| Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal | سموه | Ashwagandha | Solanaceae | Pharm-PCT-2678 | Kidney stones | Roots/Boil about 50 g of the powder in 100 ml water. About 50 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 43 | 29.86 | 0.30 | 0.52 |
| Origanum jordanicum Danin & Kunne | زعتر | Thyme | Lamiaceae | Pharm-PCT-1729 | Kidney stones | Leaves/Boil about 60 g of leaves in 200 ml water for 5 min. This decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 42 | 29.17 | 0.29 | 0.51 |
| Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. | جرجير بري | Rocketcress | Brassicaceae | Pharm-PCT-2757 | Urinary tract infection | Leaves/Steep 40 g of the powdered leaves in 100 ml water for12 hours. About 30 ml from this infusion is to be given three times daily. | Infusion | 42 | 29.17 | 0.29 | 0.51 |
| Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers | ساق الحمام | Calumba | Menispermaceae | Pharm-PCT-2753 | Urinary infections | Flowers/Steep 200 g of the powdered flowers in 800 ml water for 8 h. About 50 ml from this infusion is to be given three times daily. | Infusion | 40 | 27.78 | 0.28 | 0.49 |
| Viola kitaibeliana Schult. | بنفسج | Dwarf Pansy | Violaceae | Pharm-PCT-2656 | Kidney stones | Seeds/About 10 drops of seeds oil is to be given orally twice daily. | Oil | 35 | 24.31 | 0.24 | 0.43 |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | عرق السوس | Licorice | Leguminosae | Pharm-PCT-1128 | Enuresis | Roots/Steep 50 g of the powdered roots in 300 ml water for 12 h. About 100 ml from this infusion is to be given four times daily. | Infusion | 34 | 23.61 | 0.24 | 0.41 |
| Ocimum basilicum L. | ريحان | Basil | Lamiaceae | Pharm-PCT-2717 | Kidney stones | Leaves/Steep100 grams of the powdered leaves in 400 ml water for 6 h. About 50 ml from this infusion is to be given five times daily. | Infusion | 32 | 22.22 | 0.22 | 0.39 |
| Hypericum perforatum L. | سانت جون | St John’s Wort | Hypericaceae | Pharm-PCT-2734 | Kidney stones | Flowers Boil about 30 g of plant in 100 ml water for 25 min. This decoction is to be given three times a day after meals. | Decoction | 32 | 22.22 | 0.22 | 0.39 |
| Fragaria vesca L. | فراوله | Strawberry | Rosaceae | Pharm-PCT-2763 | Urinary tract infection | Fruits/ Extract 150 ml of juice to be given orally four times a day. | Juice | 29 | 20.14 | 0.20 | 0.35 |
| Cyperus longus L. | بردي | Sweet Cyperus | Cyperaceae | Pharm-PCT-808 | Renal failure | Entire plant/ Boil about 10 g from the dried powdered plant in 100 ml water. About 20 ml from this decoction is to be given 5–6 times daily. | Decoction | 22 | 15.28 | 0.15 | 0.27 |
| Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. | حنظل | Bitter apple | Cucurbitaceae | Pharm-PCT-628 | Kidney stones | Seed/ Steep 40 g of the grounded seeds in 100 ml water for 12 h. 25 ml from this infusion is to be given three times a day | Infusion | 21 | 14.58 | 0.15 | 0.26 |
| Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch | خردل اسود | Black mustard | Brassicaceae | Pharm-PCT-408 | Kidney stones | Seeds/ Steep 50 g of the powder in 300 ml water for four hours. 100 ml of this infusion is to be given 4–5 times a day. | Infusion | 18 | 12.50 | 0.13 | 0.22 |
| Helichrysum sanguineum (L.) Kostel. | دم المسيح | Red everlasting | Compositae | Pharm-PCT-1170 | Renal failure | Entire plant/ Steep 100 g of the powdered plant in 100 ml water for 8 h. About 30 ml from this infusion is to be given three times a day. | Infusion | 17 | 11.81 | 0.12 | 0.21 |
| Lupinus angustifolius L. | الترمس ضيق الأوراق | Blue lupin | Leguminosae | Pharm-PCT-1477 | Urinary tract infection | Roots/ Boil 50 g of the roots in 500 ml water for 30 min. 100 ml of this decoction is to be given twice a day. | Decoction | 16 | 11.11 | 0.11 | 0.19 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. | فاصولياء | Common Bean | Leguminosae | Pharm-PCT-2748 | Renal failure | Seeds/ Boil about 40 g of the seeds in 500 ml water. 100 ml of this decoction is to be given three times a day with meals. | Decoction | 13 | 9.03 | 0.09 | 0.16 |
| Vitex agnus-castus L. | كف مريم | Chaste Tree | Lamiaceae | Pharm-PCT-2663 | Renal failure | Fruits/ Extract 200 ml of juice to be given orally five times a day. | Juice | 13 | 9.03 | 0.09 | 0.16 |
| Prunus avium (L.) L. | كرز حلو | Wild cherry | Rosaceae | Pharm-PCT-2751 | Kidney stones | Fruits/ About 100 ml of fresh Wild Cherry juice are to be given orally four times a day. | Juice | 8 | 5.56 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. | قصب بري | Common Reed | Poaceae | Pharm-PCT-1843 | Renal failure | Roots/ Boil about 200 g of the roots in 500 ml water. 100 ml of this decoction is to be given four times a day. | Decoction | 8 | 5.56 | 0.06 | 0.10 |
| Malvella sherardiana (L.) Jaub. & Spach | خبيزة بريه | Field Mallow | Malvaceae | Pharm-PCT-1508 | Renal failure | Leaves/ Steep 20 g of the powdered leaves in 150 ml water for 2–3 h. About 50 ml from this infusion is to be given three times daily. | Infusion | 7 | 4.86 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
| Capsicum annuum L. | الفليفلة الشجيرية | Chili pepper | Solanaceae | Pharm-PCT-2729 | Urinary tract infections | Fruits/ About 10 g of ground dried fruits are to be given orally twice daily with a cup of water. | Powder | 7 | 4.86 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
| Carica papaya L. | ببايا | Papaya | Caricaceae | Pharm-PCT-2761 | Kidney stones | Seeds/ About 10 g of ground seeds are to be given orally twice daily. | Powder | 5 | 3.47 | 0.03 | 0.06 |