Pre-pregnancy risk factorsa
|
Maternal age at delivery, years |
33.3 (5.8) |
Below 20 years, yes |
22 (3.0%) |
Above 40 years, yes |
115 (14.1%) |
Pre-eclampsia in previous pregnancy, yes |
178 (21.9%) |
Intrauterine growth estriction in previous pregnancy, yes |
85 (10.4%) |
Gestational diabetes in previous pregnancy, yes |
84 (10.3%) |
Diet treated |
75 (9.2%) |
Insulin treated |
9 (1.1%) |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index kg/m2
|
27.4 (6.4) |
≥30 kg/m2
|
287 (35.3%) |
Pre-pregnancy chronic hypertension, yes |
109 (13.4%) |
Pre-pregnancy type 1 diabetes, yes |
12 (1.5%) |
Pre-pregnancy systemic lupus erythematosus, yes |
2 (0.3%) |
Sjögren’s syndrome, yes |
11 (1.4%) |
Previous pregnancy with fetal demise (>22 gestational weeks or over 500 g), yes |
28 (3.4%) |
Number of known pre-pregnancy risk factors |
|
No known pre-pregnancy risk factors |
79 (9.7%) |
1 or 2 pre-pregnancy risk factors |
696 (85.5%) |
3 or more pre-pregnancy risk factors |
31 (3.8%) |
Data not available |
8 (1.0%) |
Pregnancy disorders |
|
Gestational diabetes, yes |
183 (22.5%) |
Diet treated |
147 (18.1%) |
Insulin treated |
36 (4.4%) |
Data not available on gestational diabetes treatment |
2 (0.2%) |
Data not available on gestational diabetes diagnosis |
1 (0.1%) |
Hypertension spectrum pregnancy disorders, yes |
|
Gestational hypertension |
80 (9.8%) |
Pre-eclampsia |
61 (7.5%) |
Early pre-eclampsia (diagnosis <34 weeks of gestation) |
53 (6.5%) |
Late pre-eclampsia (diagnosis ≥34 weeks of gestation) |
8 (1.0%) |
Non-severe pre-eclampsia |
42 (5.2%) |
Severe pre-eclampsia |
19 (2.3%) |
Chronic hypertension |
134 (16.5%) |
Data not available |
1 (0.1%) |
Other characteristics |
Education level |
|
Lower secondary or less |
359 (44.1%) |
Upper secondary |
184 (22.6%) |
Tertiary |
248 (30.5%) |
Data not available |
23 (2.8%) |
Parity |
|
Primiparous |
247 (30.3%) |
Multiparous |
566 (69.5%) |
Data not available |
1 (0.1%) |
Smoking during pregnancy |
|
Non-smoker |
780 (95.8%) |
Quit during first trimester |
26 (3.2%) |
Smoked throughout the pregnancy |
8 (1.0%) |
Data not available |
0 |
Alcohol use during pregnancy |
|
No |
588 (72.2%) |
Yes |
117 (14.4%) |
Data not available |
109 (13.4%) |
Mode of delivery |
|
Vaginal |
640 (78.6%) |
Cesarean |
173 (21.3%) |
Data not available |
1 (0.1%) |
Antenatal betamethasone treatment |
|
No |
750 (92.1%) |
Yes (n = 1 for 12 mg/24 h, n = 22 for 24 mg/24 h, n = 1 for 48 mg/24 h, n = 11 for no information on dose) |
35 (4.3%) |
Timing of antenatal betamethasone treatment, number of days before birth |
33.4 (27.1) |
30 days or less before delivery |
14 (1.7%) |
30 days or more before delivery |
13 (1.6%) |
Data not available |
29 (3.6%) |
Neonatal characteristics |
Sex |
|
Girls |
384 (47.2%) |
Boys |
430 (52.8%) |
Data not available |
0 |
Gestational age at birth, weeks |
39.76 (1.60) |
Data not available |
0 |
DNA methylation gestational age, weeks |
38.45 (2.05) |
Data not available |
0 |
Raw epigenetic gestational age difference, DNA methylation gestational age-gestational age |
−1.32 (1.85) |
Data not available |
0 |
Absolute epigenetic gestational age difference, DNA methylation gestational age-gestational age in absolute values |
1.78 (1.41) |
Data not available |
0 |
Horvath DNA methylation age at birth, weeks |
9.77 (19.51) |
Data not available |
0 |
Birth weight, g |
3549 (546) |
Small for gestational age, yesb
|
23 (2.8%) |
Data not available |
1 (0.1%) |
Birth length, cm |
50 (2) |
Small for gestational age, yesb
|
21 (2.6%) |
Data not available |
1 (0.1%) |
Head circumference, cm |
35 (2) |
Small for gestational age, yesb
|
14 (1.7%) |
Data not available |
2 (0.3%) |
Ponderal index, kg/m3
|
27.8 (2.7) |
Data not available |
1 (0.1%) |
Placenta weight, g |
615 (134) |
Cord blood pH |
|
Arterial |
7.26 (0.09) |
Venous |
7.31 (0.08) |
Apgar score |
|
9–10 |
611 (75.1%) |
7–8 |
145 (17.8%) |
≤6 |
47 (5.8%) |
Data not available |
11 (1.4%) |