Table 2. Comparison of the demographic and clinical characteristics between the groups.
| Dipper group | Non-dipper group | ||
| Demographic and clinical parameters | (n = 30) | (n = 30) | p-value |
| Age (year ± SD) | 51.63 ± 12.68 | 54.07 ± 8.17 | 0.381* |
| Gender | |||
| Male, n (%) | 16 (53.3) | 21 (70.0) | 0.184# |
| Female, n (%) | 14 (46.7) | 9 (30.0) | |
| BMI (kg/m2 ± SD) | 23.79 ± 2.81 | 25.47 ± 2.92 | 0.027* |
| Smoking, n (%) | 14 (46.7) | 18 (60.0) | 0.301# |
| Drinking, n (%) | 11 (36.7) | 8 (26.7) | 0.405# |
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 13 (43.3) | 14 (46.7) | 0.895# |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 3 (10.0) | 5 (16.7) | 0.448# |
| Symptoms | |||
| Chest pain, n (%) | 30 (100) | 30 (100) | 1# |
| Palpitation, n (%) | 14 (46.6) | 15 (50) | 0.823# |
| Dsypnoea, n (%) | 9 (30.0) | 10 (33.3) | 0.437# |
| Restlessness, n (%) | 8 (26.6) | 14 (46.6) | 0.248# |
| Dizziness, n (%) | 8 (26.6) | 12 (40.0) | 0.312# |
| Antihypertensive drugs | |||
| ACEI, n (%) | 11 (36.7) | 10 (33.3) | 0.737# |
| ARB, n (%) | 10 (33.3) | 10 (33.3) | 1# |
| CCB, n (%) | 9 (30.0) | 13 (43.3) | 0.234# |
| BB, n (%) | 12 (40.0) | 12 (40.0) | 1# |
| Statin, n (%) | 9 (30.0) | 13 (43.3) | 0.234# |
| HDL-C (mg/dl ± SD) | 47.23 ± 13.51 | 48.03 ± 12.91 | 0.815* |
| (mmol/l) | (1.22 ± 0.35) | (1.24 ± 0.33) | |
| LDL-C (mg/dl ± SD) | 135.55 ± 42.16 | 131.56 ± 39.67 | 0.707* |
| (mmol/l) | (3.51 ± 1.09) | (3.41 ± 1.03) | |
| FPG (mg/dl ± SD) | 93.97 ± 15.89 | 97.63 ± 14.22 | 0.350* |
| (mmol/l) | (5.22 ± 0.88) | (5.42 ± 0.79) | |
| TG (g/dl ± SD) | 114.50 ± 59.67 | 149.83 ± 89.09 | 0.076* |
| (mmol/l) | (1.29 ± 0.67) | (1.69 ± 1.01) | |
| Total cholesterol (g/dl ± SD) | 188.00 ± 44.08 | 182.33 ± 41.47 | 0.610* |
| (mmol/l) | (4.87 ± 1.14) | (4.72 ± 1.07) | |
| Creatinine (mg/dl ± SD) | 0.81 ± 0.19 | 0.77 ± 0.18 | 0.404* |
| (mmol/l) | (71.60 ± 16.80) | (68.07 ± 15.91) | |
| Haemoglobin (g/dl ± SD) | 13.56 ± 1.82 | 13.70 ± 1.41 | 0.728* |
| Ejection fraction (% ± SD) | 66.40 ± 4.10 | 66.83 ± 3.61 | 0.666* |
Continuous data are expressed as mean ± SD, categorical data are expressed as n (%).
*Chi-squared test, #Independent samples t-test, statistical significance level is p < 0.05 (bold values).
SD: standard deviation, ACEI: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker, BB: beta-blocker, CCB: calcium channel blockers, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, TG: triglycerides.