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. 2014 Mar 10;2(1):110–131. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines2010110

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© 2014 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Overview of the induction of an innate immune response to Ad-based vectors. (A) General adenoviral infection pathway and typical pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) contribute to the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines after infection of Ad-based vectors. After binding on the cell surface receptor (e.g., Coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor), a clathrin-coated vehicle containing the Ad particle is formed, and clathrin-mediated endocytosis occurs. Naked capsid released from endosome interacts with microtubules and dynein motors. Capsid docks at nuclear pore and passes viral DNA (vector DNA) through nuclear pores; (B) Amplification of innate cytokine induction through IL-1 receptor and/or IFNα receptor. Cytokines (IL-1, type I IFN) induced through PRRs bind to their receptors and amplify the induction of multiple cytokines and other anti-viral molecules.