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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Methods Ecol Evol. 2016 Nov 7;8(5):592–603. doi: 10.1111/2041-210X.12674

Table 3.

- Summary of the effects of reduced sampling (Reducing Nind) and increased integration magnitude (Increasing r2) over bias and imprecision estimates for each statistic.

Statistic Bias Imprecision
Reducing Nind Increasing r2 Reducing Nind Increasing r2
r2
Integration
Respondability
Evolvability
Flexibility ↑(−)
Conditional Evolvability ↑(−)

↑=increase; ↓=decrease;↑(−)=increase (negative bias);-------neutral effect