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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017 Jan 5;29(6):10.1111/nmo.13022. doi: 10.1111/nmo.13022

Illustration of the seven study cases for the Group 1(A) and Group 2(B). (A) Group 1: five cases of esophageal model (not to scale) that differ in fiber architecture. Notice the helical CM fiber orientation is 60 degrees with respect to the circumferential orientation. The helical LM fiber orientation is of 120 degrees with respect to the circumferential orientation. Case 1: Uniform circumferential-longitudinal (C-L) fiber architecture. Case 2: Uniform helical fiber architecture. Case 3: Non-uniform-non-smooth fiber architecture. The fiber orientation changes at the middle of the esophagus (i.e. z=9 cm). Case 4: Non-uniform-2cm-smooth fiber architecture. Between 10 cm to 8 cm is a 2-cm transition region where the fiber orientation smoothly changes from the proximal helical to the distal C-L orientation. Case 5: Non-uniform-18 cm-smooth fiber architecture. Along the entire esophagus (i.e. 18 cm), the fiber orientation smoothly transitions from the proximal helical to the distal C-L orientation.

(B) Group 2: two cases with multiple contraction waves. Three contraction waves that correspond to the study in Ghosh et al. (9, 10) are specified: upper contraction wave (UCW), lower contraction wave (LCW), and indentation wave (IW). UCW occurs in the proximal 5-cm of the esophagus (i.e. 18 cm – 13 cm). LCW occurs in the distal 11-cm of the esophagus. LCM starts just when the UCW terminates. Preceding LCW is a 1-cm indentation wave (IW), which overlaps with the UCW in time. The speed of all three waves is specified as 10 cm/s. Case 6: Uniform C-L fiber architecture with dual contraction waves. Case 7: Non-uniform-non-smooth fiber architecture with dual contraction waves.

Illustration of the seven study cases for the Group 1(A) and Group 2(B). (A) Group 1: five cases of esophageal model (not to scale) that differ in fiber architecture. Notice the helical CM fiber orientation is 60 degrees with respect to the circumferential orientation. The helical LM fiber orientation is of 120 degrees with respect to the circumferential orientation. Case 1: Uniform circumferential-longitudinal (C-L) fiber architecture. Case 2: Uniform helical fiber architecture. Case 3: Non-uniform-non-smooth fiber architecture. The fiber orientation changes at the middle of the esophagus (i.e. z=9 cm). Case 4: Non-uniform-2cm-smooth fiber architecture. Between 10 cm to 8 cm is a 2-cm transition region where the fiber orientation smoothly changes from the proximal helical to the distal C-L orientation. Case 5: Non-uniform-18 cm-smooth fiber architecture. Along the entire esophagus (i.e. 18 cm), the fiber orientation smoothly transitions from the proximal helical to the distal C-L orientation.

(B) Group 2: two cases with multiple contraction waves. Three contraction waves that correspond to the study in Ghosh et al. (9, 10) are specified: upper contraction wave (UCW), lower contraction wave (LCW), and indentation wave (IW). UCW occurs in the proximal 5-cm of the esophagus (i.e. 18 cm – 13 cm). LCW occurs in the distal 11-cm of the esophagus. LCM starts just when the UCW terminates. Preceding LCW is a 1-cm indentation wave (IW), which overlaps with the UCW in time. The speed of all three waves is specified as 10 cm/s. Case 6: Uniform C-L fiber architecture with dual contraction waves. Case 7: Non-uniform-non-smooth fiber architecture with dual contraction waves.