Figure 3.

Trunk, shoulder, and elbow kinematics. (A,A’) is trunk kinematics; (B,B’) is shoulder kinematics; (C,C’) is elbow kinematics. X-axis shows degrees. Y-axis is the period between the beginning and the end of the motion. Blue line is the reaching pattern with placebo condition; green line is the reaching pattern with functional electrical stimulation (FES). The subjects begin the movement in a similar position in both conditions. However, the joint positions at the end of the movement are very different in each subject. The participant 7 with FES condition decreased the trunk flexion (A), increased the shoulder flexion (B), and increased the elbow extension (C). The participant 12 with FES condition showed a smaller increase of shoulder flexion (B’) and elbow extension (C’) because the movement was performed with greater trunk flexion (A’). Both participants performed an improved reaching movement with FES compared to placebo.