Figure 1.

Colonization of P. indica under arsenic stress. (A) Confocal microscope and (B) real time PCR analysis was done to characterize colonization of fungus P. indica under arsenic stress 100 μM sodium arsenate Pi+As after 25 dai (days after inoculation) in the rice root, the hyper-colonization was observed than the untreated control Pi. (C,D) Alternate and simultaneous inoculation of P. indica was done to show the pattern of recovery at the level of biomass of rice plant to the arsenic-treated plants. (C) Rice plants grown for 25 days without any fungus were used as a control; Pi, rice plants inoculated with P. indica alone at day 0 and grown for 25 days; As, rice plants treated with arsenic at day 0 and grown for 25 days; As→Pi, rice plants first treated with arsenic at day 0 and at day 3 inoculated with P. indica and grown for a total of 25 days; Pi+As, rice plants inoculated simultaneously with both fungi and arsenic at day 0 and grown for 25 days; Pi→As, rice plants first inoculated with P. indica at day 0 and at day 3 treated with arsenic and grown for a total of 25 days. Maximum recovery in the biomass is maximum when already colonized plant was treated with arsenic. Asterisks show values significantly different from those of the controls (P < 0.05).