Table 2.

Environmental factors shown to affect synapses and behavior via microglia.

	Model	Timing	Reported effects in adulthood	Publications
Infections	Viral (Poly I:C)	Prenatal	IL-6 mediated behavioral alterations	Smith et al., 2007
			IL-1β mediated white matter disruption	Favrais et al., 2011
			Minocycline prevents Poly I:C-induced behavioral abnormalities	Mattei et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2014; Giovanoli et al., 2016a
	Bacterial (LPS)	Prenatal	Reduced hippocampal CX3CR1 expression; increased spines hippocampus	Fernandez de Cossio et al., 2016
	Bacterial (E. coli)	Post-natal	Primed microglia with exacerbated response to second hit; minocycline and caspase1 inhibitor prevent the appearance of cognitive deficits in neonatally infected mice subjected to a second hit	Bilbo et al., 2005; Williamson et al., 2011
Stress	Sleep deprivation	Prenatal	Minocycline prevents behavioral deficits	Zhao et al., 2015
	Maternal deprivation	Early post-natal	Increased microglia motility correlates with nociceptive threshold	Takatsuru et al., 2015
Dietary imbalance	n-3 PUFAs deficient diet	Prenatal and early post-natal	Defective microglia motility associated with altered expression of plasticity-related genes in neurons	Madore et al., 2014
Sensory deprivation	Monocular deprivation	Post-natal	Mice lacking P2Y12 receptor do not display full shift of ocular dominance	Sipe et al., 2016

The table summarizes the main environmental factors that have been shown to affect neuronal circuits and behavior via immune mechanisms and/or microglia. The reader should consult Section “Environmental Factors Modulating Microglial Activity” for details and discussion.