Table 1.

Clinical use of microenvironment-targeted therapies in brain tumors

Drug	Function	Phase	Tumor types	Refs
PLX3397	CSF-1R inhibitor	II	Glioma	(Butowski et al., 2015)
BLZ945	CSF-1R inhibitor	I/II	Advanced solid tumors (including glioblastoma) and metastases	First in human (with PDR001 anti-PD-1)
DCVax-L	Dendritic cell vaccine	III	Glioma	(Prins et al., 2011)
Bevacizumab	anti-VEGF-A	Approved I/II	Recurrent glioma Brain metastases	(Cohen et al., 2009; Friedman et al., 2009; Gilbert et al., 2014; Kreisl et al., 2009; Levy et al., 2014)
Ipilimumab Pembrolizumab Nivolumab	anti-CTLA-4 anti-PD-1 anti-PD-1	II/III I/II II/III	Glioma and brain metastasis (melanoma and NSCLC)	(Berghoff et al., 2016; Bouffet et al., 2016; Brahmer et al., 2015; Cohen and Kluger, 2016; Goldberg et al., 2016; Hutchinson, 2016; Le et al., 2015; Margolin et al., 2012; Preusser et al., 2015; Restifo et al., 2016)