Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 20,605 participants in the HPFS, NHS, and WHI, according to coffee consumption
| Characteristic | Coffee consumption | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| < 1 cup/day | 1–3 cups/day | > 3 cups/day | |
| HPFSa | |||
| Participants, n | 2141 | 1787 | 1188 |
| Age, year | 54.6 ± 9.1 | 54.8 ± 8.5 | 53.8 ± 8.0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 ± 4.9 | 25.4 ± 4.6 | 25.8 ± 4.4 |
| Coffee, cups/day | 0.40 ± 0.42 | 2.26 ± 0.55 | 4.89 ± 1.14 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 20.2 ± 26.5 | 19.6 ± 23.1 | 18.1 ± 23.4 |
| AHEI score | 53.1 ± 11.9 | 52.8 ± 11.6 | 51.5 ± 11.9 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1994 ± 603 | 2040 ± 616 | 2114 ± 638 |
| Alcohol, g/day | 9.7 ± 14.7 | 14.4 ± 16.0 | 14.8 ± 18.5 |
| Current smokers, % | 4.6 | 8.1 | 16.6 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages, serving/day | 1.29 ± 1.19 | 1.16 ± 1.00 | 0.98 ± 0.90 |
| Genetic risk score | 69.3 ± 5.6 | 69.1 ± 5.5 | 69.7 ± 5.6 |
| NHSa | |||
| Participants, n | 2679 | 4296 | 2866 |
| Age, year | 53.8 ± 7.0 | 54.4 ± 6.5 | 53.8 ± 6.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 ± 5.5 | 25.7 ± 4.9 | 25.4 ± 4.6 |
| Coffee, cups/day | 0.42 ± 0.42 | 2.23 ± 0.53 | 4.60 ± 1.09 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 14.0 ± 17.5 | 14.5 ± 19.7 | 13.2 ± 16.9 |
| AHEI score | 48.8 ± 10.9 | 49.8 ± 10.3 | 49.6 ± 10.3 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1735 ± 512 | 1762 ± 484 | 1813 ± 506 |
| Alcohol, g/day | 4.5 ± 9.3 | 7.6 ± 11.0 | 7.7 ± 11.2 |
| Current smokers, % | 9.1 | 15.2 | 28.4 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages, serving/day | 1.11 ± 0.96 | 1.02 ± 0.86 | 0.85 ± 0.78 |
| Genetic risk score | 69.3 ± 5.6 | 69.5 ± 5.5 | 69.7 ± 5.5 |
| WHIa | |||
| Participants, n | 951 | 3223 | 1474 |
| Age, year | 68.4 ± 5.9 | 68.4 ± 5.7 | 67.2 ± 6.1 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.9 ± 5.8 | 28.1 ± 5.4 | 28.4 ± 5.6 |
| Coffee, cups/day | 0.32 ± 0.27 | 1.89 ± 0.60 | 4.94 ± 1.51 |
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk | 11.9 ± 13.7 | 11.7 ± 13.1 | 10.9 ± 12.4 |
| AHEI score | 55.7 ± 9.5 | 56.8 ± 9.8 | 54.8 ± 10.1 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1413 ± 640 | 1570 ± 588 | 1795 ± 747 |
| Alcohol, g/day | 3.4 ± 10.4 | 6.3 ± 11.3 | 6.9 ± 14.1 |
| Current smokers, % | 4.5 | 6.6 | 10.9 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages, serving/day | 0.93 ± 0.98 | 1.01 ± 1.02 | 1.04 ± 1.44 |
| Genetic risk score | 70.5 ± 5.7 | 70.4 ± 5.6 | 71.0 ± 5.4 |
Plus-minus values are means ± SD
aBaseline data were from 5116 men in the HPFS (1986), 9841 women in the NHS (1986), and 5648 women in the WHI (1993)
AHEI Alternative Healthy Eating Index, BMI body mass index, MET-h/wk metabolic equivalent of task hours per week