Table 2.
Differences in BMI per increment of 10-risk alleles, according to coffee consumption in the HPFS, NHS, and WHI
| Analysis | Coffee consumption | P for interaction | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 1 cup/day | 1–3 cups/day | > 3 cups/day | ||
| HPFS | ||||
| Model 1 | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.71 ± 0.24 | 0.29 ± 0.30 | 0.012 |
| Model 2 | 0.81 ± 0.25 | 0.81 ± 0.25 | 0.32 ± 0.30 | 0.023 |
| NHS | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.68 ± 0.18 | 1.13 ± 0.13 | 1.21 ± 0.16 | 0.048 |
| Model 2 | 1.59 ± 0.18 | 1.07 ± 0.13 | 1.13 ± 0.16 | 0.039 |
| WHI | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.71 ± 0.30 | 1.08 ± 0.17 | 0.97 ± 0.25 | 0.049 |
| Model 2 | 1.74 ± 0.30 | 1.02 ± 0.17 | 0.96 ± 0.25 | 0.044 |
| Pooleda | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.42 ± 0.28 | 1.05 ± 0.10 | 0.87 ± 0.26 | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.38 ± 0.28 | 1.02 ± 0.10 | 0.95 ± 0.12 | <0.001 |
Plus-minus values are β coefficients ± SE
In the HPFS and NHS, data were derived from the repeated-measures analysis in men (three measures from 1986 to 1998) and women (three measures from 1986 to 1998); in the WHI, data were derived from the repeated-measures in women (two measures from 1993 to 2003)
Model 1: adjusted for age and genotyping source
Model 2: based on Model 1, further adjusted for physical activity (< 3, 3–8.9, 9–17.9, 18–26.9, ≥ 27 MET-h/wk), Alternative Healthy Eating Index score (quintiles), total energy intake (quintiles), smoking status (never, former, current), sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (quintiles), and alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5–9.9, 10–14.9, ≥ 15 g/day)
aResults for the three cohorts were pooled by means of inverse-variance-weighted random effects meta-analysis (if P < 0.05 for heterogeneity) or fixed effects meta-analysis (if P ≥ 0.05 for heterogeneity)