Table 1.
Cohort demographics, N = 61,836
| Variable | No malaria, N = 52,486 | Malaria, N = 9350 |
|---|---|---|
| EGA at first ANC (start of follow-up), weeks | 14.3 {9.0, 22.7}, 0–43.0 | 13.7 {9.0, 21.1}, 0–41.1 |
| First ANC during 1st trimester | 25,548 (49) | 4753 (51) |
| Number of ANC consultations | 10 {4, 19}, 1–43 | 12 {5, 21}, 1–42 |
| EGA method | ||
| Ultrasound biometry | 33,443 (64) | 4793 (51) |
| Dubowitz | 8745 (17) | 1517 (16) |
| Fundal height | 6337 (12) | 2126 (23) |
| Last menstrual period | 3961 (8) | 914 (10) |
| Maternal age, years | 26 {21, 31}, 13–53 | 25 {20, 30}, 13–51 |
| Primigravida | 13756 (26) | 2746 (29) |
| Haematocrita,b, % | 34 {31, 36}, 8–53 | 32 {30, 35}, 10–48 |
| Anaemiaa,b | 4817 (10) | 1711 (21) |
| Current smokera | 9765 (22) | 2232 (34) |
| Site | ||
| Refugee camp | 32,689 (62) | 4369 (47) |
| Migrant community | 19,797 (38) | 4981 (53) |
| Malaria in pregnancy | – | 9350 (100) |
| Falciparum malaria only | – | 3478 (37) |
| Last detected in first trimester | – | 715 (21) |
| Last detected in second trimester | – | 1411 (41) |
| Last detected in third trimester | – | 1352 (39) |
| Recurrent falciparum malaria | – | 892 (26) |
| Vivax malaria only | – | 4274 (46) |
| Last detected in first trimester | – | 654 (15) |
| Last detected in second trimester | – | 1365 (32) |
| Last detected in third trimester | – | 2255 (53) |
| Recurrent vivax malaria | – | 1470 (34) |
| Falciparum and vivax malariac | – | 1598 (17) |
| Fetal loss | 5246 (10) | 604 (6) |
| Small-for-gestational-agea,d | 7514 (20) | 1870 (27) |
| Preterm birthd | 3318 (9) | 831 (11) |
| Caesarean sectiond | 1467 (4) | 158 (2) |
| Place of deliveryd | ||
| SMRU delivery unit | 23,546 (67) | 2941 (47) |
| At home | 8534 (24) | 2778 (44) |
| Hospital | 3016 (9) | 570 (9) |
| Stillbirth (all) | 422 (1.0) | 104 (1.3) |
| Antepartum stillbirth | 202 (0.5) | 58 (0.7) |
| Intrapartum stillbirth | 145 (0.3) | 33 (0.4) |
| Unclassified stillbirthe | 75 (0.2) | 13 (0.2) |
| Lost to follow-upf | 8173 (16) | 1389 (15) |
| EGA when last seen, weeks’ gestation | 28.3 {18.6, 35.5}, 4–47 | 27.5 {19.0, 34.5}, 4–42 |
EGA estimated gestational age, ANC antenatal clinic, IQR interquartile range. Numbers are median {IQR}, range, or frequency (%)
aMissing data: gravidity 108 [2%] (79 [2%] with no malaria; 29 [0%] with malaria); smoking status 11,733 [19%] (8893 [17%] with no malaria; 2840 [30%] with malaria); haematocrit 7173 [12%] (5798 [11%] with no malaria; 1375 [32%] with malaria); place of delivery 15,698 [25%] (13,020 [25%] with no malaria; 2678 [29%] with malaria); caesarean section 1629 [3%] (1470 [3%] with no malaria; 159 [2%] with malaria); small-for-gestational-age 7308 [14%] (6140 [14%] with no malaria; 1168 [14%] with malaria)
bLast measurement during pregnancy; anaemia defined as last haematocrit measurement during pregnancy <30%; only 0.16% of women were severely anaemic (haematocrit <20%)
cWomen with either a mixed infection or multiple infections of different species
dIn women who gave birth after 28 weeks’ gestation
eTime of fetal demise (i.e. antepartum or intrapartum) unknown
fWomen lost to follow-up were more likely to be primigravid, smokers, migrant, and anaemic