Table 1.
Sensitization and challenge schemes used in murine asthma models
| Allergen | Sensitization | Challenge | AHR | Reference |
| Alternaria alternata extract | iTreg cells transferred i.v. into Rag2−/− mice followed by i.n. with IL-33 or 25 μg Alternaria alternata | n/a | i.t. | [35] |
| Amb a 11 | 2× 10 μg Amb an 11 i.p. | 4× 10 mg Amb a 1 + 100 μg LPS aerosol, 20 min | WBP | [40] |
| Birch allergen | 1× 5 Mio PBMCs + 20 μg birch allergen + 10 ng IL4 i.p. 1× 20 μg birch allergen + 10 ng IL4 | 3× 20 μg birch allergen | i.t. | [38] |
| CE | 3× 10 μg CE i.p. | 3× 10 μg CE i.n. | WBP | [36] |
| CE | 6× 120 μg CE + 3 μg CpG-ODN i.n. | n/a | WBP | [37] |
| HDM | 1× 200 μg, 2× 100 μg i.n. | 4 cycles: 2× 50 μg HDM i.n. | WBP | [41] |
| HDM | Severe asthma:3× 25 μg HDM + 7 μg c-di-GMP | 3 cycles with: 1× 25 μg HDM + 5 μg cyclic-di GMP and 2× 25 μg HDM i.n. | i.t. | [23] |
| HDM | 3× 25 μg HDM i.n. | 3× 5 μg HDM i.n. | i.t. | [24] |
| HDM | 3× 25 μg HDM i.n. | n/a | WBP | [25] |
| HDM | 1× 1 μg HDM i.n. | 5× 10 μg HDM i.n. or 1× 100 μg HDM i.n. | n/a | [26] |
| HDM | 2× 10 μg HDM i.p. | 100 μg i.t. on day 14 + 19 | i.t. | [27] |
| HDM | 1× 1 μg crude HDM i.t. | 2× 10 μg HDM i.n. | j.v., WBP | [28▪▪] |
| HDM | 5 cycles: 5× 25 μg HDM i.n. | n/a | WBP | [29] |
| HDM | 5 cycles: 3× 25 μg HDM i.n. 1× influenza virus ×31 i.n. | n/a | WBP | [30] |
| HDM | 1× 100 μg HDM i.n.; 4× 50 μg HDM i.n. | n/a | n/a | [31] |
| HDM | 4× 50 μg HDM i.n. | 3× 50 μg HDM i.n. | n/a | [32] |
| HDM | 5 cycles: 5× 25 μg HDM i.n. | n/a | n/a | [33] |
| HDM | 3 cycles: 5× 40 μg HDM i.n. and 1× 320 μg HDM i.p. | n/a | n/a | [42] |
| HDM + DEP | 3× 1 μg HDM + 25 μg DEP i.p. | n/a | WBP | [34] |
| KLH | 3 cycles: 2× 5 μg KLH ± 10 μg acrolein, 2 cycles: 2× 10 μg KLH ± 20 μg acrolein i.n. | 2× 10 μg KLH i.n. | WBP | [74] |
| OVA | 2× OVA + Alum i.p. | 2× OVA i.n. | i.t. | [17] |
| OVA | 2× 20 μg OVA + Alum i.p. | 5× 0.2% OVA aerosol, 20 min | i.t. | [20▪▪] |
| OVA | 3× 25 μg OVA + 2 mg Alum i.p. | 3 or 7× 1% OVA aerosol, 1 h | n/a | [19] |
| OVA | 2× OVA i.p. | 5× OVA i.n. | i.t. | [22] |
| OVA | 2× 0.1 μg OVA + 1 mg Alum i.p. | 2× 25 μg OVA i.n. | n/a | [21] |
| Ova | 3× 20 μg Ova with Alum i.p. | 3× 1% OVA aerosol, 30 min | i.t. | [18] |
AHR, airway hyperreactivity; CE, cockroach extract; DEP, diesel exhaust particles; HDM, house dust mite extract; i.n. intranasal; i.p. intraperitoneal; i.t. intratracheal; i.v.intravenous; j.v. jugular vein; KLH, keyhole limpet hemocyanin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; n/a, not applicable.; OVA, ovalbumin; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; WBP whole-body plethysmography.