Table 2.

Sensitization, challenge and readout principles in food allergy models

Allergen	Sensitization	Challenge	Readout	Ref.
Chaw components (wheat, soy bean, wheat middlings, yellow corn,fish meal)	Was−/−, Was−/− Il4−/−, Was−/− Rag2−/− mice: none (spontaneous sensitization)	None (spontaneous sensitization)orstarving for 3 h then fed 12.5 mg soy protein in 300 μl PBS	Surface LAMP-1,Intestinalmast cell expansion,Serum levels of mast cell protease 1 (MCPT1),body temperature by transponder	[46]
Cyp c 1;Hypoallergenic mCyp c 1;carp extract	C3H/HeJ mice: 5× i.g. weekly 100 mg rCyp c 1 + 20 mg cholera toxin in 200 ml 0.2-mol bicarbonate buffer (pH 9)20 mg hypoallergenic mCyp c 1 + Alum s.c. 6 times every month;Carp extract–sensitized C3H/HeJ, 600 ml of heat-inactivated mCyp c 1-specific mouse antisera i.p.	i.g. 100 mg rCyp c 1i.g. 10 mg carp extract	Symptom score	[56]
OVA	BALB/c mice: 2× i.p. 50 mg of OVA + Alum + magnesium hydroxide	5× i.g. 50 mg of OVA every other day	Diarrhea,rectal temperature	[55]
OVA	BALB/c mice: gavaged daily with diosgenin	repeatedly i.g.OVA	Foxp3+ Treg cells coexpressing Th1-type transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines in intestine,mRNA expression of chemokines corresponding to Th1-like Treg cells	[58]
OVA	C57BL/6 mice or TLR5−/−:i.g. 0.1 mg OVA/mouse ± flagellin + cholera toxin (0.02 mg/mouse) weekly for 4 consecutive weeks	gavage-fed OVA (10 mg/mouse in 0.3 ml physiological saline)	Mast cell infiltration in the intestinal mucosa, intestinal CD4+ T-cell proliferation, core temperature, diarrhea	[48]
OVA	BALBc/c mice: 2× i.p. 20 μg OVA + Alum	5× orally 50 mg OVA every 3 days;Baicalein (20 mg/kg) orally administered daily from day 28–40	Diarrhea, anaphylaxis,rectal temperature	[59]
OVA	C57BL/6 mice or miR-17–92fl/fl: fed OVA 1 mg/mouse + cholera toxin (20 μg/mouse) weekly for 4 weeks;wild and miR-19a-deficient mice with recombinant IL-4 or/and LPS via i.p. injection daily for 5 days		Mast cell and eosinophil infiltration in intestinal mucosa, allergen-specific CD4+ T cells in the intestine;B cells isolated from intestine analyzed for IL-10 expression	[49]
OVA	BALB/C (AnNR/J) mice: i.p. 2 × 10 mg OVA + Alum	OVA p.o. (20 mg/mouse), 5× within a 10-day period	Rectal body temperature,clinical score (diarrhea severity, appearance of hirsute pelage)	[54]
OVA	OVA (2 mg) i.g. 3×/week for lactating mothers 3 weeks after delivery or during lactation period ± VitA supplemention by maternal vitamin A-enriched diet from 2 days before delivery until the end of first week	6–8-week-old adult mice: allergic airway inflammation to OVA by i.p. 10 mg OVA + Alum on days 0 and 7, day 17–21 mice exposed to OVA (0.5%) aerosols for 20 min in nebulizer	Serum OVA-specific IgE, IgA,eosinophils BAL;lung cell cytokinesecretion;ex vivo gut permeability;small intestine histology;serum retinol levels	[50]
Peanut extract	NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull mice: transferred i.p. 3 × 107 bloodmononuclear cells from peanut allergic donors + 100 mg crude peanut extract;i.p. 2× 100 mg of crude peanut extract;therapy: AAVrh.10 anti-hIgE (1011 genome copies)at week 3, reconstituted with human donor blood mononuclear cells at week 0	i.g. 300 mg crude peanut extract at weeks 5–10	Clinical score,anaphylaxis score,histamine in plasma,PCA	[53]
Peanut butter	huNSG mice: i.g. 22.5 mg (5 mg protein) skippy creamy peanut butter in 250 ml 0.2 mol sodium bicarbonate, pH 8.0, weekly for 8 weeks	Fed 350 mg peanut butter in 0.2 mol sodium bicarbonate	Temperature measurements using s.c. microchip transponders;PN-specific human IgE in serum;tissue mast cell expansion	[44▪▪]
Peanut extract,pAra h 2,PLL-pAra h 2	BALB/c mice: i.d.PLL-pAra h 2 or pAra h 2 (25 μg pAra h 2 DNA) 3×, followed i.p. 2.5 μg purified Ara h 2 + Alum	i.p. 5 mg CPE	Rectal temperature	[57]
Peanut extract	i.p. 3× 500 mg peanut extract + Alum at 1 week interval	7× orally peanut extract (15 mg) every 2 days	Body temperature, clinical symptoms:activity/lethargy, diarrhea, death
Peanut	C3H/HeJ mice: oralpeanut + cholera toxin;therapy: 4× fed CpG/PN-nanoparticles	5× monthly oral peanut	Visualsymptom scores, body temperature	[51]
Different allergens according to allergy of human donors	NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J γc−/−mice i.p. with 1 × 107 PBMCs from donors allergic to different allergens ± Treg cells (ratio of 1 : 10 or 1 : 20)  ± respective allergen (20 mg)  ± 4 mghuman recombinant GARP	i.p. allergen boost200 ml 0.9% NaCl	High-resolutionvideo endoscopicrectally	[45]
Peanut paste	Atopic beagles:e.c. 2× weekly for 8 weeks under occlusion on the axillae	Day 56: orally with roasted peanut (2 g/kg)day 66 e.c. peanut paste on one pinna under occlusion	Systemic signs (e.g. vomiting, diarrhea, collapse), pruritus, CADESI,skin biopsies	[10]

AAVrh.10anti-hIgE, adeno-associated rh.10 serotype vector coding for a full-length, high-affinity, antihIgE antibody from Fab fragment of anti-hIgE mAb omalizumab; Alum, aluminum hydroxide; e.c., epicutaneous; GARP. glycoprotein A repetitions predominant; huNSG, nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient common gamma chain-deficient stem cell factor; i.d., intradermal; i.g., intragastric; i.p., intraperitoneal; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; OVA, ovalbumin; p.o., per os; pAra h 2, plasmid encoding Ara h 2; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PCA, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis; PN, peanut; PLL-pAra h 2, pAra h 2 pretreated with poly-L-lysine; WASP, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein.