Table 1.

Allergen immunotherapy models

Allergen	Sensitization	Therapy	Challenge	References
Der p 2	2 × 1 μg rDer p 2 + 2 mg Alum i.p.	Chemically modified monomeric allergoid of Derp2, d2-OID or d2-OID + VitD3	1 × 1 μg rDer p 2 i.p. and 5 × 1% HDM	(Petrarca C et al.) [39]
HDM	3, 5 or 7 weeks: 5 × 25 μg Der f extract i.n.	SLIT 2 weeks Der f extract 0.5 or 5 mg	5 × 25 μg Der f extract i.n.	(Shima K et al.) [37]
HDM	2 × 0.5 DU Der f extract + Alhydrogel i.p. or 4 × 1.5 DU Der f extract i.n.	SLIT 2 cycles 5 × 3 or 12 DU of Der f extract or 4 cycles: 3 × SLIT 12.6 DU extract	4 × 0.5 DU Der f extract i.n.	(Hagner S et al.) [38]
OVA	OVA+ Alum i.p.	2 × 0.2 mg OVA or SHAS-OVA s.c.	n/a	(Garbani M et al.) [41]
OVA	2 × 10 μg OVA + 1 mg Alum i.p.	3 × OVA+VD3 and CpG powder for 2 h on laser-treated skin, μEPIT or 8 × s.c.-treatments with 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 50 μg OVA	3 × 0.500 μg OVA i.n.	(Kumar MN et al.) [44]
OVA	2 × 10 μg OVA + 3 mg Alum i.p.	Prophylactic or therapeutical 2 × PLG-OVA i.v.	3 × 20 min with 10 mg/ml OVA aerosol	(Smarr CB et al.) [46▪▪]
OVA	4 × 1 mg OVA + 20 μg cholera toxin o.g.	Oral 2 × 1 mg OVA, 2 × 5 mg OVA, 3 × 10 mg OVA, 2 × 25 mg OVA, 5 × 50 mg OVA +/– 10^9C. butyricum o.g.	n/a	(Shi Y et al.) [42▪]
OVA	4 × 100 μg OVA +/– 100 μg CpG e.c. left total of 14 days	2 × OVA or OVA+CpG e.c. left total of 8 days	2 × OVA e.c.	(Majewska-Szczepanik et al.) [45]
OVA	3 × 25 μg OVA + 1 mg Alum i.p.	6 × 10 μg OVA and 10 μg FlaB i.n. or sublingual or 2 × 10 μg OVA and 1 μg FlaB i.l.	6 × OVA 100 μg i.n.	(Kim EH et al.) [49▪]
OVA or Peanut	100 μg OVA or 1 mg peanut extract on shaved skin	8 × 100 μg OVA e.c. or 8 weeks 1 mg OVA orally	Oral challenge with 10, 20 and 50 mg OVA every 30 min	(Tordesillas L et al.) [43▪▪]
rCul n 3, rCul n4, rCul n8 rCul n10	n/a	3 × 10 μg of rCul n 3, rCul n4, rCul n8 rCul n10 + 500 μg Alum or Alum+50 μg MPLA (Avantilipids) s.l. in iceland horses	n/a	(Jonsdottier S et al.) [51]

e.c., epicutaneous application; HDM, house dust mite; i.n., intranasal; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.v., intravenous; n/a, not applicable; o.g., oral gavage; OVA, ovalbumin; rCul, recombinant Culicoides nubeculosus allergens; s.c., subcutaneous; s.l., submandibular lymph node; t.a., topical application.