Table 2.
Pain conditions, other substance use disorders, and mental disorders (%)
| No Pain n= 1,889 |
OUD First n= 515 |
Same Time n= 789 |
Pain First n=2,114 |
TOTAL n= 5,307 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main pain conditions | |||||
| Spinal pain**, bd, cd | 0.0 | 45.1 | 42.0 | 75.0 | 40.5 |
| Joint pain**, bc, bd, cd | 0.0 | 37.7 | 25.5 | 61.6 | 32.0 |
| General chronic pain**, bc, bd, cd | 0.0 | 18.8 | 29.7 | 45.2 | 24.2 |
| Osteoarthrosis**, bc, bd, cd | 0.0 | 9.3 | 12.6 | 36.4 | 17.3 |
| Migraine**, bc, bd | 0.0 | 8.2 | 12.4 | 18.8 | 10.1 |
| Substance use disorders | |||||
| Tobacco use disorder**, ab, ac, ad | 11.5 | 24.9 | 17.9 | 25.0 | 19.1 |
| Alcohol use disorder**, ac, ad, bc, bd | 25.4 | 33.4 | 20.7 | 20.3 | 23.4 |
| Cannabis use disorder**, ac, ad, bd | 14.3 | 14.6 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 11.0 |
| Amphetamine use disorder**, ab, ac, ad, bc, bd | 28.3 | 21.0 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 16.9 |
| Cocaine use disorder**, ac, ad, bc, bd, cd | 13.8 | 19.0 | 9.4 | 7.1 | 11.0 |
| Hallucinogen use disorder**, ac, ad, bc, bd | 3.9 | 3.1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 2.0 |
| Sedative, hypnotic, or Axiolytic use disorder | 11.2 | 14.4 | 15.3 | 15.1 | 13.7 |
| Other Drug use disorder**, ab, ac, ad, bc, bd | 17.8 | 36.7 | 20.2 | 23.1 | 22.1 |
| Alcohol-induced Disorders**, ab, ac | 2.9 | 5.6 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.2 |
| Drug-induced Disorders**, ab, ac, ad | 18.7 | 26.8 | 22.1 | 22.8 | 21.6 |
| Mental disorders | |||||
| Any mental disorder**, ab, ac, ad, bd | 57.8 | 74.4 | 70.7 | 81.7 | 70.9 |
| Psychotic disorder | 9.6 | 14.4 | 9.4 | 11.9 | 10.9 |
| Bipolar disorder**, ab, ac, bd, cd | 11.2 | 19.0 | 13.3 | 13.1 | 13.0 |
| Depression disorder**, ab, ac, ad | 37.2 | 54.6 | 49.3 | 63.5 | 51.2 |
| Anxiety disorder**, ab, ac, ad, bd, cd | 24.9 | 41.8 | 30.7 | 53.9 | 39.0 |
| Other mental disorder**, ab, ac, ad | 28.4 | 41.9 | 38.0 | 46.1 | 38.2 |
The group effect on each outcome variable was tested in the logistic model controlling for age, gender, ethnicity (white vs. non-white), and length of observation. A significant overall group effect is indicated by * for p<0.05 and ** for p<0.01. Significant linear tests (i.e., p<0.05) on equivalence of each pair of coefficients between No Pain (a), OUD first (b), OUD and Chronic Pain at the same time (c), and Pain first (d) are indicated by the respective groups in each pair.