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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Headache. 2017 May;57(Suppl 2):37–46. doi: 10.1111/head.13084

Figure 5. Perivascular convergence of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the periphery.

Figure 5

The vasculature is innervated by sensory, parasympathetic, and sympathetic autonomic nerves. Nerve fibers from sensory ganglia release CGRP, PACAP, nociceptin, and substance P-neurokinin A. Fibers from parasympathetic ganglia release PACAP, VIP, nitric oxide (NO) and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Fibers from sympathetic ganglia release neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the neurotransmitters noradrenaline (NA) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).