Table 1. The comparisons of baseline sociodemographic factors, life style behaviors, diabetes-related variables, drug-related variables and co-morbidity according to HbA1c-CV tertile groups in patients with type 2 diabetes enrolled in the National Diabetes Care Management Program, Taiwan (N = 27,257).
| Variables | HbA1c-CV (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full cohort (N = 27,257) | Propensity-score matched (N = 16,530) | |||||
| ≤8.4% (n = 9,020) |
8.4%-17.1% (n = 9,005) |
>17.1% (n = 9,232) |
≤8.4% (n = 5,510) |
8.4%-17.1% (n = 5,510) |
>17.1% (n = 5,510) |
|
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 4934 (54.70) | 4884 (54.24) | 4691 (50.81) | 2958 (53.68) | 3012 (54.66) | 2945 (53.45) |
| Male | 4086 (45.30) | 4121 (45.76) | 4541 (49.19) | 2552 (46.32) | 2498 (45.34) | 2565 (46.55) |
| Age (years) | 60.93 (10.90) | 60.77 (10.99) | 59.54 (11.39) | 60.32 (10.83) | 60.81 (10.91) | 59.98 (11.29) |
| Lifestyle behaviors | ||||||
| Smoking | 1253 (13.89) | 1276 (14.17) | 1626 (17.61) | 843 (15.30) | 775 (14.07) | 879 (15.95) |
| Alcohol drinking | 708 (7.85) | 780 (8.66) | 890 (9.64) | 477 (8.66) | 462 (8.38) | 496 (9.00) |
| Diabetes-related variables | ||||||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 7.11 (8.16) | 7.00 (7.10) | 5.79 (6.90) | 6.74 (6.45) | 7.11 (6.92) | 6.22 (7.00) |
| Type of hypoglycemic drug use | ||||||
| No medication | 156 (1.73) | 85 (0.94) | 90 (0.97) | 38 (0.69) | 28 (0.51) | 56 (1.02) |
| One oral hypoglycemic drug | 1958 (21.71) | 1422 (15.79) | 1373 (14.87) | 770 (13.97) | 719 (13.05) | 889 (16.13) |
| Two oral hypoglycemic drugs | 3918 (43.44) | 3794 (42.13) | 3896 (42.20) | 2454 (44.54) | 2350 (42.65) | 2357 (42.78) |
| Three oral hypoglycemic drugs | 1500 (16.63) | 1728 (19.19) | 1800 (19.50) | 1098 (19.93) | 1132 (20.54) | 1044 (18.95) |
| >3 oral hypoglycemic drugs | 399 (4.42) | 472 (5.24) | 581 (6.29) | 316 (5.74) | 302 (5.48) | 331 (6.01) |
| Insulin | 240 (2.66) | 275 (3.05) | 199 (2.16) | 147 (2.67) | 187 (3.39) | 153 (2.78) |
| Insulin+ oral hypoglycemic drug | 849 (9.41) | 1229 (13.65) | 1293 (14.01) | 687 (12.47) | 792 (14.37) | 680 (12.34) |
| Drug-related variables | ||||||
| Hypertension drug treatment | 3713 (41.16) | 3457 (38.39) | 3083 (33.39) | 2016 (36.59) | 2083 (37.80) | 1966 (35.68) |
| Glucocorticoids | 142 (1.57) | 136 (1.51) | 154 (1.67) | 85 (1.54) | 81 (1.47) | 88 (1.60) |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Obesity | 3354 (37.18) | 3328 (36.96) | 3196 (34.62) | 1988 (36.08) | 2049 (37.19) | 1986 (36.04) |
| CAD | 737 (8.17) | 751 (8.34) | 625 (6.77) | 411 (7.46) | 461 (8.37) | 384 (6.97) |
| CHF | 151 (1.67) | 189 (2.10) | 182 (1.97) | 109 (1.98) | 131 (2.38) | 96 (1.74) |
| Cancer | 167 (1.85) | 168 (1.87) | 181 (1.96) | 107 (1.94) | 92 (1.67) | 107 (1.94) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 2669 (29.59) | 2444 (27.14) | 2167 (23.47) | 1437 (26.08) | 1477 (26.81) | 1405 (25.50) |
| Hypertension | 4187 (46.42) | 4104 (45.57) | 3651 (39.55) | 2388 (43.34) | 2519 (45.72) | 2353 (42.70) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 35 (0.39) | 37 (0.41) | 35 (0.38) | 17 (0.31) | 24 (0.44) | 18 (0.33) |
| Chronic hepatitis | 857 (9.50) | 935 (10.38) | 886 (9.60) | 548 (9.95) | 601 (10.91) | 539 (9.78) |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 2015 (22.34) | 2104 (23.36) | 2089 (22.63) | 1314 (23.85) | 1308 (23.74) | 1256 (22.79) |
| Hypoglycemia | 27 (0.30) | 26 (0.29) | 29 (0.31) | 19 (0.34) | 15 (0.27) | 17 (0.31) |
| Pneumonia | 62 (0.69) | 70 (0.78) | 78 (0.84) | 47 (0.85) | 45 (0.82) | 39 (0.71) |
| Other diseases of the upper respiratory tract | 92 (1.02) | 75 (0.83) | 78 (0.84) | 48 (0.87) | 50 (0.91) | 50 (0.91) |
| Acute respiratory infections | 618 (6.85) | 592 (6.57) | 555 (6.01) | 382 (6.93) | 369 (6.7) | 351 (6.37) |
| Blood biochemical measurement | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.59 (1.57) | 7.96 (1.52) | 8.39 (1.50) | 8.09 (1.66) | 8.06 (1.51) | 8.12 (1.40) |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 158.63 (46.26) | 167.27 (46.18) | 177.09 (50.66) | 169.74 (50.63) | 169.73 (46.18) | 170.93 (48.74) |
| FPG-CV (%) | 24.42 (21.24) | 29.31 (22.08) | 41.64 (30.35) | 31.79 (23.37) | 31.21 (21.47) | 33.57 (26.62) |
Data were presented as counts (percentage) for categorical variables and mean (SD) for continuous variables.
SU: sulfonylurea; Met: metformin; Meg: meglitinide; Big: biguanide; TZD: thiazolidinedione; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; FPG-CV: coefficient of variation of fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c-CV: coefficient of variation of HbA1c; SD: standard deviation.