TABLE 1.

Attributes of pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behaviors

	Pain-stimulated behavior	Pain-depressed behavior
Definition	Behaviors that increase in rate, frequency or intensity after presentation of a noxious stimulus	Behaviors that decrease in rate, frequency or intensity after presentation of a noxious stimulus
Examples	Reflex withdrawal responses from escapable stimuli (e.g., paw withdrawal response from a noxious thermal stimulus)	Decreases in feeding, grooming, locomotor activity, social interactions or positively reinforced operant behavior after presentation of a noxious stimulus
	Withdrawal-like behaviors from inescapable stimuli (e.g., paw flinching after intraplantar injection of a noxious chemical stimulus)
Adaptive functions	Promotes escape from noxious stimuli	Conserves energy for wound protection and healing
	Recruits aid from conspecifics	Reduces potential of further injury
Manifestation of analgesia	Decreases in pain-stimulated behaviors	Increases in pain-depressed behaviors
Potential sources of false positive analgesia	Treatments that produce sedation, paralysis or other forms of motor impairment	Treatments that produce non-selective stimulation of behavior