Table 2.
Parameter Estimates from HLM Analyses Predicting Children’s Sleep from Mothers’ and Fathers’ Sleep the Same Night
| Level 1 (Within-family relations) | Sleep Parameter | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Sleep Minutes | Sleep Efficiency | Long Wake Episode | Wake Minutes | Bedtimea | Wake Time | |
|
| ||||||
| Fixed Effects | ||||||
| b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | |
|
|
||||||
| Intercept | 456.33 (6.10) | 88.34 (0.72)** | 3.41 (0.29)** | 60.21 (3.63)** | 1272.85 (4.04)** | 377.07 (4.56)** |
| Time | −0.30 (1.31) | 0.16 (0.15) | −0.04 (0.06) | −0.73 (0.73) | 0.13 (0.90) | 1.50 (0.99) |
| Weekend vs. Weekday | −6.60 (5.96) | −1.07 (.58)† | 0.41 (0.22) † | 6.15 (3.30) † | 64.93 (5.74)** | −3.77 (4.37) |
| Mother’s Sleep | 0.17 (.05)** | 0.26 (0.08)** | 0.13 (0.09) | 0.28 (0.10)** | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.55 (0.06)** |
| Father’s Sleep | 0.06 (.06) | 0.09 (0.12) | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.12) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.04) |
| Level 2 | ||||||
| Averaged Mother Sleep | 0.03 (.07) | 0.29 (0.06)** | 0.32 (0.12)* | 0.18 (.06)** | 0.15 (0.06)** | 0.43 (0.08)** |
| Averaged Father Sleep | 0.20 (.08)* | 0.09 (0.05) † | 0.23 (0.12) † | 0.17 (0.08)* | 0.08 (0.05) † | 0.11 (0.05)* |
| Child Age | −7.72 (7.35) | 0.95 (0.94) | −0.00 (.31) | 4.94 (4.87) | 5.26 (7.10) | 8.05 (5.68) |
| Child Race | 1.69 (11.39) | 1.88 (1.54) | −0.44 (0.53) | −4.32 (7.32) | 13.27 (7.73)† | 1.69 (8.06) |
| Child BMI | −4.00 (3.77) | 0.08 (0.47) | 0.03 (0.19) | −0.74 (2.56) | 3.49 (2.93) | 7.45 (2.43)** |
| Parents’ Marital Status | −30.11 (19.81) | −1.33 (2.24) | 1.12 (0.72) | 12.10 (10.71) | 16.78 (13.14) | 22.65 (14.11) |
| Family Income-to-Needs Ratio | 6.94 (5.11) | 1.35 (0.66)* | −0.35 (0.24) | −10.22 (3.50)** | 6.78 (4.23) | 0.36 (3.91) |
| Pubertal Status | −3.80 (8.66) | −1.33 (2.24) | −0.56 (0.44) | −3.14 (6.68) | 13.38 (7.93)† | −4.22 (7.96) |
| Mother Depressive Symptoms | 0.37 (.51) | 0.19 (0.06)** | −0.05 (0.02)* | −0.70 (0.36) † | 0.80 (0.49) | −0.25 (0.52) |
|
|
||||||
| Random Effects (Variance Estimates) | ||||||
| Level 2 | Variance (SD) | Variance (SD) | Variance (SD) | Variance (SD) | Variance (SD) | Variance (SD) |
|
|
||||||
| Intercept | 1942.17 (44.08)** | 24.64 (4.96)** | 4.41 (2.10)** | 895.52 (29.93)** | 894.47 (29.91)** | 1010.94 (31.80)** |
| Time | 20.88 (4.57) | 0.09 (0.31) | 0.12 (0.34)* | 8.20 (2.86)* | 12.17 (3.49) | 13.11 (3.62) |
| Mother’s Sleep | 0.03 (.16) | 0.08 (0.29) | 0.13 (0.36) † | 0.18 (0.43)* | 0.02 (0.13) | 0.11 (0.33)** |
| Father’s Sleep | 0.25 (.06) | 0.64 (0.80)** | 0.07 (0.26)* | 0.62 (0.79)** | 0.001 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.13)* |
| Level 1 residual | 2188.88 (46.79) | 26.46 (5.14) | 3.54 (1.88) | 829.74 (29.81) | 1285.10 (35.85) | 1341.86 (36.63) |
Note. Estimates with robust standard errors reported. Mother’s and Father’s sleep at Level 1 were person-centered, and the person-mean across nights for each was included at Level 2.
a
Bedtime and Wake Time are in minutes of the day. Time was coded such that 0 = night 1 of data collection. Weekend vs. Weekday coded as 0 = weekday, 1 = weekend. Child race coded 0 = European American, 1 = African American. Parents’ marital status coded as 0 = not marred, 1 = married.
†
p < .10,
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01