Table 3.
Parameter Estimates from HLM Analyses Predicting Mothers’ Sleep from Fathers’ and Children’s Sleep the Same Night
| Level 1 (Within-family relations) | Sleep Parameter | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Sleep Minutes | Sleep Efficiency | Long Wake Episode | Wake Minutes | Bedtimea | Wake Time | |
|
| ||||||
| Fixed Effects | ||||||
| b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | b (SE) | |
|
|
||||||
| Intercept | 388.23 (7.31)** | 92.65 (1.06)** | 1.89 (0.22)** | 30.81 (4.01)** | 1353.31 (5.48)** | 376.64 (5.05)** |
| Time | −0.46 (1.45) | 0.24 (0.17) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.51 (0.54) | −1.41 (1.28) | −1.76 (1.06) † |
| Weekend vs. Weekday | 26.04 (6.64)** | 0.19 (0.39) | 0.13 (0.16) | −0.20 (1.86) | 3.16 (7.05) | 11.67 (3.94)** |
| Father’s Sleep | 0.34 (0.06)** | 0.22 (.06)** | 0.15 (0.07)* | 0.22 (0.06)** | 0.27 (0.07)** | 0.33 (0.05)** |
| Child’s Sleep | 0.24 (0.05)** | 0.09 (0.04)** | 0.09 (0.04)* | 0.08 (0.03)* | 0.01 (0.11) | 0.57 (0.07)** |
| Level 2 | ||||||
| Averaged Father Sleep | 0.12 (0.09) | 0.09 (0.11) | 0.11 (0.13) | 0.15 (0.10) | 0.30 (0.12)* | 0.14 (0.09) |
| Averaged Child Sleep | 0.27 (0.14) † | 0.12 (0.11) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.10 (0.09) | 0.34 (0.13)** | 0.55 (0.14)** |
| Mother Race | −54.66 (14.89)** | −0.84 (2.11) | −0.07 (0.48) | −2.61 (7.96) | 9.18 (11.54) | −11.17 (10.21) |
| Medication Use | 3.88 (14.24) | −0.53 (1.44) | −0.02 (0.37) | 5.10 (6.01) | −25.26 (9.55)* | 1.85 (8.43) |
| Biological Mother Status | 52.33 (22.96)* | 2.04 (2.13) | −0.86 (0.74) | −2.92 (8.80) | −20.99 (17.89) | −1.24 (18.74) |
| Family Income-to-Needs Ratio | 2.63 (9.38) | 1.58 (1.09) | −0.36 (0.29) | −8.39 (4.92) † | −1.55 (4.70) | 0.38 (6.39) |
| Mother Depressive Symptoms | −2.32 (1.24) † | 0.01 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.44 (0.37) | 0.83 (0.73) | 0.33 (0.55) |
| Child Depressive Symptoms | 2.70 (0.75)** | 0.10 (0.11) | −0.02 (0.03) | 0.25 (0.50) | −1.06 (0.68) | −0.09 (0.81) |
|
|
||||||
| Random Effects (Variance Estimates) | ||||||
| Level 2 | Variance (SD) | Variance (SD) | Variance (SD) | Variance (SD) | Variance (SD) | Variance (SD) |
|
|
||||||
| Intercept | 2830.88 (53.21)** | 84.84 (9.21)** | 3.01 (1.74)** | 1661.19 (40.76)** | 1636.37 (40.45)** | 2151.92 (46.39)** |
| Time | 20.87 (4.57) | 1.34 (1.16)** | 0.05 (0.22) | 11.95 (3.46)* | 12.12 (3.48) | 33.55 (5.79)* |
| Father’s Sleep | 0.11 (0.33) | 0.07 (0.26) † | 0.13 (0.36) | 0.09 (0.31) | 0.21 (0.46)** | 0.07 (0.27)** |
| Child’s Sleep | 0.01 (0.12) | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.19)* | 0.01 (0.11) | 0.25 (0.50)** | 0.27 (0.52)** |
| Level 1 residual | 2718.17 (52.14) | 15.04 (3.88) | 1.50 (1.22) | 277.80 (16.67) | 2936.61 (54.19) | 1178.42 (34.33) |
Note. Estimates with robust standard errors reported. Fathers’ and Child’s sleep at Level 1 were person-centered, and the person-mean across nights for each was included at Level 2.
a
Bedtime and Wake Time are in minutes of the day. Time was coded such that 0 = night 1 of data collection. Mother ethnicity/race coded as 0 = European American, 1 = African American/minority. Biological mother status was coded as 0 = not biological mother, 1 = biological mother.
†
p < .10,
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01