Fig. 3.

Effect of carvacrol pretreatment on the survival of Artemia after 24 h of challenge with a lethal heat stress. The larvae were pretreated with carvacrol at different doses (16.6, 33.2, 66.4, 99.6, 132.8, 166.4 μM) for 2 h, rinsed to wash away the compound, and then allowed to recover for 2 h. The larvae were subsequently challenged with a lethal heat stress at 41°C for 20 min. Non-pretreated larvae that were either challenged with lethal heat stress (positive control) and those not challenged with lethal heat stress (negative control) served as controls. Error bars represent the standard error of five replicates. Bars with the same alphabet letters are not different significantly (P > 0.05, Duncan’s new multiple range test)