Table 1.

Summary of neglected tropical diseases including endemic areas, causative agents, method of transmission, and estimated global burden expressed in deaths per year and DALYs^a

Disease	Endemic areas	Causative agents	Transmission	Deaths per year	DALYs in millions
Protozoal infections
Chagas disease	Latin America	Trypanosoma cruzi	Triatomine bug	10,300	0.55
Human African trypanosomiasis	Africa	Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, T. brucei rhodesiense	Tsetse fly	9100	0.56
Leishmaniasis	Indian subcontinent, Asia, Africa, Mediterranean basin, South America	Visceral: Leishmania donovani, L. infantum Cutaneous: L. major, L. tropica, L. braziliensis, L. mexicana and other Leishmania spp.	Phlebotomine sandflies	51,600	3.32
Bacterial infections
Buruli ulcer	Africa, South America, Western Pacific regions	Mycobacterium ulcerans	Unknown	n.d.	n.d.
Leprosy	Africa, America, South-east Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Western Pacific	Mycobacterium leprae	Unknown	n.d.	0.006
Trachoma	Africa, Middle East, Mexico, Asia, South America, Australia	Chlamydia trachomatis	Direct or indirect contact with an infected person	-	0.33
Endemic treponematoses	Global distribution	Treponema pallidum, T. carateum	Skin contact	n.d.	n.d.
Helminthes
Cysticercosis/taeniasis	Worldwide, mainly Africa, Asia, and Latin America	Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, diphyllobothrium latum	Ingestion of infected pork	1200	0.5
Dracunculiasis	Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, South Sudan	Dracunculus medinensis	Contaminated water	n.d.	n.d.
Echinococcosis	Global distribution	Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis	Feces of carnivores	1200	0.14
Foodborne trematodiases	South-east Asia, Central and South America	Clonorchis spp., Opisthorchis spp., Fasciola spp., and Paragonimus spp., Echinostoma spp., Fasciolopsis buski, Metagonimus, Metagonimus spp., Heterophyidae	Contaminated food	-	1.88
Lymphatic filariasis	Africa, Asia, Central and South America	Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, B. timori	Mosquitos	-	2.78
Onchocerciasis	Africa, Latin America, Yemen	Onchocerca volvulus	Black flies	-	0.49
Schistosomiasis	Africa, South-America, Middle East, East-Asia, Laos, Cambodia	Schistosoma haematobium, S. guineensis, S. intercalatum, S. japonicum, S. mansoni, S. mekongi	Contaminated water	11,700	3.31
Soil-transmitted helminthiases	Global distribution	Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale	Human feces	2700	5.19
Viral infections
Dengue	Asian and Latin American countries	Dengue fever virus (genus: Flavivirus)	Mosquito	14,700	0.83
Rabies	Global distribution, mainly Africa, Asia, Latin America, and western Pacific	Rabies virus (genus: Lyssavirus)	Animals, mostly domestic dogs	26,400	1.46

DALYs disability-adjusted life-years, n.d. not determined

^aNumbers are based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 [4]