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. 2017 May 11;8:747. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00747

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Copyright © 2017 Ryu and Cheong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Estimated multi-group and single-level structural equation models. In (A) Multi-group model, the path coefficient “Math self-concept → Math interest” was set equal between groups; the path coefficient “Emotional support → Math interest” was set equal between groups. The estimate of the indirect effect was 0.292^*0.497 = 0.145 in Australia (AUS) and 0.234^*0.497 = 0.116 in Austria (AUT). In (B) single-group model, group was coded 0 = AUS and 1 = AUT. The estimated indirect effect was 0.292^*0.496 = 0.145 for AUS and (0.292–0.058)^*0.496 = 0.116 for AUT. The estimated group difference in the indirect effect was 0.116–0.145 = –0.029.