Table 2.
Example of some detectors used for the detection of HMPs.
| Types of HMPs | Medicinal value | Column | Detector | Chromatographic condition | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valerian | Neuralgia, epilepsy, and relieving digestive | VP-ODS C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm), | HPLC-UV | aAcetonitrile; 0.8 mL/min isocratically; d10 μL | Ghafari et al. [71] |
|
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| Vidanga | Anthelmintic, carminative, and stimulant | Chromatopak Peerless basic C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) |
HPLC-PDA | aMeOH-phosphate; b1.4 mL/min isocratically; c25°C, d20 μL | Sudani et al. [72] |
|
| |||||
| Radix Isatidis (Isatis indigotica) | Influenza, epidemic hepatitis, and epidemic encephalitis B | ODS-3 Inertsil column (25 cm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) | HPLC-DAD | aWater-acetonitrile; b1 mL/min gradient; c35°C; d10 μL. | Zou et al. [73] |
|
| |||||
| Buyang Huanwu decoction | Promoting blood flow, treatment of cerebrovascular diseases | Zorbax SB-C18 column (4.6 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm) |
HPLC-DAD-TOF/MS | a0.3% formic acid water- acetonitrile; b0.8 mL/min gradient; c25°C; d1 μL. | Liu et al. [74] |
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| Ginseng | Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumour activities | C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) | HPLC-ELSD | aAcetonitrile-water-acetic acid (10 : 85 : 5, v/v/v) and Acetonitrile-water (80 : 20, v/v); b1.5 mL/min gradient; c40°C; d10 μL. | Sun et al. [75] |
|
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| Ge-Gen decoction | Treatment of common cold, fever, and influenza | Agela Venusil MP-C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm i.d., 5 μm) |
HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS | a0.1% formic acid-water-acetonitrile; b1.0 mL/min gradient; c30°C; d10 μL | Yan et al. [67] |
|
| |||||
| Radix Paeoniae Rubra | Anti-inflammatory, increasing coronary blood flow | Waters Symmetry C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) | HPLC-PDA | aAcetonitrile-phosphoric acid; b0.8 mL/min gradient; c25°C; d20 μL | Xu et al. [76] |
|
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| Cimicifuga racemosa | Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities | C-18 column (5 µm, 120 Å, 4.6 mm × 250 mm) |
HPLC–PDA–ELSD | aAcetonitrile-water; b1.6 mL/min gradient; c43°C; d20 μL | Li et al. [77] |
|
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| Renshen (Panax ginseng) | Treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer | A CSH C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) |
HPLC/QTOF-MSE | CH3CN-H2O; b0.3 mL/min gradient; c25°C; d2 μL | Qiu et al. [78] |
|
| |||||
| Glycyrrhiza glabra L | Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiallergy, and antiulcer properties | C18-HL (150 × 100 mm, 10 μm Hichrom Ltd) | HPLC-PDA | 0.1% TFA in water-0.1% of TFA in MeOH; 3.00 mL/min gradient; c25–28°C; d100 μL | Basar et al. [79] |
|
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| Sanqi (Panax notoginseng) | Hemostatic and cardiovascular properties | Waters Symmetry C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) |
HPLC-UV | aWater-acetonitrile; b1.0 mL/min gradient; c35°C; d5 μL | Lau et al. [80] |
|
| |||||
| Renshen (Panax ginseng) | Treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer | Waters ODS C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm i.d.; 5 µm) |
HPLC-APCI/MS | aAcetonitrile-water (33 : 67, v/v); b0.2 mL/min isocratically; c35°C | Ma et al. [81] |
|
| |||||
| Evodia rutaecarpa | Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects | Zorbax SB-C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) |
HPLC-DAD | aAcetonitrile-water; b1.0 mL/min gradient; c25°C; d10 μL. | Zhao et al. [82] |
|
| |||||
| Fritillaria pallidiflora | Treatment of cough | Kromasil C18 column (200 × 4.6 mm i.d.) | HPLC-ELSD | aAcetonitrile-water-diethylamine (70 : 30 : 0.1, v/v); 1 mL/min isocratically; c88°C, d20 μL | Li et al. [83] |
|
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| Hongdoushan capsule | Treatment of ovarian and breast cancers | Shimadzu C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) | HPLC-PDA | aAcetonitrile-water; b0.8 mL/min gradient; c25°C; d5 μL | Zhu et al. [70] |
|
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| Panax quinquefolium | Improving cardiovascular activity, insomnia | Waters Spherisorb S3 ODS2 column (150 · 2.0 mm) |
HPLC-APCI-MS | aAcetonitrile : water (24 : 76, v/v); b0.2 mL/min isocratically; c35°C | Ma et al. [84] |
|
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| Coptidis rhizome (Huanglian) | Suppressing fever, dispelling dampness, and antimicrobial properties | Kromasil C18 analytical column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
HPLC-ELSD | aAcetonitrile : water (30 : 70, v/v) pH was adjusted to 6.0 with 0.2 moL/L trichloroacetic acid; b2.8 L/min; c115°C; d20 μL | Kong et al. [85] |
|
| |||||
| Menoprogen | Treatment of menopause | Kromasil ODS C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) | HPLC-PDA | 0.1% phosphoric acid- 0.1% acetonitrile; b1.0 L/min; c25°C; d10 μL | Wang et al. [86] |
|
| |||||
| Fructus Aurantii Immaturus | Dispersing painful abdominal mass | Sepax C18 column (5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm) | HPLC-DAD | aAcetonitrile-methanol-polyphosphoric; b0.8 mL/min gradient; c30°C; d20 μL | Xu et al. [87] |
|
| |||||
| Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang | Diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome | Kromasil C18 column (250 mm × 6 mm, 5 μm) |
HPLC-DAD-ESI-M | aAcetonitrile-0.1% formic acid and water; b0.6 mL/min gradient; c35°C; d5μL | Yan et al. [88] |
|
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| Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) | Carcinogens, chemotherapeutic agents | C18 column (250 × 46 mm2, 5 mm; Waters, USA) |
HPLC-PDA | aWater-acetonitrile; b1.0 mL/min gradient; c40°C; | Chanda et al. [89] |
|
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| Panax quinquefolium | Improving cardiovascular activity, insomnia | Diamonsil C18 column (5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm) |
HPLC-UV–vis | aAcetonitrile-0.5% of phosphate acid; b1.0 mL/min gradient; c35°C; d20 μL | Zhang et al. [90] |
|
| |||||
| Eurycoma longifolia J | Erectile dysfunction, libido, and male infertility | C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 2.7 μm) |
LC-MS/MS | a0.1% formic acid in water-0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile/water (90 : 10, v/v); b0.25 mL/min gradient; c40°C; d2 μL | Han et al. [91] |
|
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| Antike capsule | Antineoplastic property | Zorbax SB-C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm 5 μm) | HPLC-PDA | MeCN and 0.1% HOAc–0.5% KH2PO4 aqueous solution (adjusted to pH = 2.4 with H3PO4); b0.8 mL/min gradient; c30°C; d20 μL | Duan et al. [92] |
|
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| Brucea javanica | Treatment of cancer, amebic dysentery, and malaria | Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
HPLC-QTOF/MS | Water-acetonitrile; b1 mL/min gradient; c25°C | Tan et al. [93] |
|
| |||||
| Fufang Zhenzhu Tiaozhi | Dyslipidemia | Dionex Acclaim C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | HPLC-DAD | aAcetonitrile-potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (40 : 60 v/v) PH adjusted to 3 with 1.7 g/L sodium dodecyl sulfate and phosphoric acid; b1.0 min/mL isocratically; c30°C; d20 μL | Chen et al. [94] |
|
| |||||
| Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) | Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities | C-18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
HPLC-ELSD | aWater-acetonitrile-alcohol; b1.0 mL/min gradient; c40°C; d10 μL | Ganzera et al. [95] |
|
| |||||
| Psoralea corylifolia | Osteoporosis, osteomalacia | Zorbax SB-C18 column (3.0 × 100 mm, 3.5 µm) |
HPLC-DAD-TOFMS-QITMS | a0.1% aqueous formic acid-acetonitrile; b0.6 mL/min; gradient; c30°C; d10 μL | Tan et al. [96] |
|
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| Cimicifuga foetida L | Antimicrobial, tranquilizer, and hypotensive treatments | Hypersil, UK, ODS2 column (200 × 4.0 mm i.d., 5 μm) | HPLC-ELSD | aMethanol-water; b0.8 mL/min gradient; c30°C; d10 μL | Kong et al. [97] |
|
| |||||
| Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu decoction | Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease | Zorbax SB-C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) |
HPLC-ESI-MS | a(CH3COOH:H2O)-(CH3OH); b0.5 mL/min gradient; c30°C | Zhang and Cheng [65] |
|
| |||||
| Curculiginis Rhizoma | Treatment of pain, inflammation, and immune and hepatic disorders | Altima C18 ODS column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) | HPLC-DAD | aAcetonitrile with 0.02% TFA-water with 0.5% TFA; b1.0 mL/min gradient; c30°C; d10 μL | Bian et al. [98] |
|
| |||||
| Danggui-Shaoyao-San | Dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea | Alltima C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS | aAcetonitrile-water-formic acid; b1 mL/min gradient; c30°C | Chen et al. [68] |
|
| |||||
| Ojeok-san | Primary dysmenorrheal, clastogenicity | Gemini C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) |
HPLC-DAD | a0.1% formic acid in water-acetonitrile; b1.0 mL/min gradient; c40°C; d10 μL | Kim et al. [99] |
|
| |||||
| Gui-Zhi-Jia-Shao-Yao-Tang | Effect against peptic ulcer by alleviating gastrospasm | Zorbax SB-C18 Rapid Resolution HT column (4.6 mm × 50 mm, 1.8 μm, Agilent) | LC-MS and NMR | a0.05% formic acid in water-acetonitrile; b0.6 mL/min gradient; c30°C; d3 μL | Wang et al. [100] |
|
| |||||
| Renshen (Panax ginseng) | Cardiovascular diseases, cancer | Capcell Pak C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) | HPLC-ESI-MS | a0.2% acetic acid in water-acetonitrile; b0.5 mL/min gradient; c35°C; d10 μL | Zhang et al. [101] |
|
| |||||
| Sanqi (Panax notoginseng) | Hemostatic and cardiovascular properties | Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
HPLC-QTOF/M | a0.1% aqueous formic acid-acetonitrile containing a0.1% formic acid; b0.8 mL/min gradient; c25°C; | Tan et al. [102] |
aMobile phase; bflow rate; ctemperature; dinjection volume.
HPLC-UV: Ultraviolet-Visible detector; HPLC-DAD: liquid chromatography-diode-array detector; HPLC-PDA: liquid chromatography photodiode-array; HPLC-ELSD: liquid chromatography evaporative light scattering detector; LC-MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric detector; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS: liquid chromatography-diode-array detector-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry; HPLC-APCI-MS: liquid chromatography–atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry; HPLC- DAD-TOF/MS: liquid chromatography-diode-array detector-time of flight-mass spectrometry; LC-MS and NMR: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-nuclear magnetic resonance; HPLC-QTOF/MS: liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry; HPLC-ESI-MS: liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry; HPLC-DAD-TOFMS-QITMS: liquid chromatography-diode-array detector-time of flight-mass spectrometry-quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry; HPLC-PDA-ELSD: Liquid chromatography-photodiode-array-evaporative light scattering detector.