Table 5.
Overexpression mutant emphysema models.
| Mouse and gene | Phenotype | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) | Progressive airspace enlargement because of degradation of collagen type III | [75] |
| Placenta growth factor (PLGF) | PLGF is an erythroblast-secreted factor. Airspace enlargement because of increased alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis |
[76, 77] |
| Interleukin-13 (IL-13) | Increased MMP and cathepsin expression leading to emphysema | [78] |
| Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) | Progressive emphysema and increased lung compliance. Increased expression of MMPs, cathepsins, and caspases |
[79, 80] |
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) | Nonprogressive emphysema after 1–3 months of life | [81] |