Table 1. Prospective studies of abdominal obesity and gastroesophageal cancer.
| References (country) | Study population (age) | Duration of follow-up (years) | Sample size (gastroesophageal cancer cases) | Ascertainment of adiposity | Measure of adiposity | Categories, highest compared with lowest (measurement unit) | Adjusted RR (95% CI) | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MacInnis et al., 2005 (Australia) [24] | Men and women (27–75 years) | 11.3 | 41295 (98) | Trained | WC | Males: ≥102 cm compared with <94 cm; females: ≥88 cm compared with <80 cm | LE and GCA: 2.9 (1.2, 6.9); GNCA: 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | Sex, country of birth, highest level of education and physical activity |
| WHR | Males: 0.95 compared with <0.90; females: 0.80 compared with <0.75 | LE and GCA: 2.1 (0.8, 5.5); GNCA: 0.9 (0.5, 1.7) | ||||||
| O’Doherty et al., 2012 (U.S.A.) [25] | Men and women (50–71 years) | 9 | 218854 (569) | Self-measured | WC1 | Q4 compared with Q1 | EAC: 2.03 (1.21, 3.39); GCA: 1.98 (1.11, 3.53); GNCA: 1.46 (0.71, 3.03) | Age, sex, total energy, antacid use, aspirin use, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, marital status, diabetes, cigarette smoking, education, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, physical activity, red and white meat intake, and fruit and vegetable intake |
| WHR2 | Q4 compared with Q1 | EAC: 1.47 (0.99, 2.18); GCA: 1.08 (0.71, 1.63); GNCA: 1.46 (0.86, 2.48) | ||||||
| Hardikar et al., 2013 (U.S.A.) [26] | Barrett’s esophagus patients (30 to ≥75 years) | 6.2 | 411 (45) | Trained | WHR | Q4 compared with Q1 | 1.48 (0.60, 3.61) | Age, gender, NSAIDs use, and smoking status |
| Steffen et al., 2015 (European countries) [27] | Men and women (25–70 years) | 11 | 391456 (541) | Trained | WC | Q5 compared with Q1 | EAC: 3.76 (1.72, 8.22); GCA: 1.91 (1.09, 3.37); GNCA: 1.25 (0.75, 2.08) | BMI, sex, education, smoking habits, alcohol consumption at recruitment and amount of alcohol, physical activity and intake of red and processed meat, vegetables, citrus and non-citrus |
| WHR | Q5 compared with Q1 | EAC: 4.05 (1.85, 8.87); GCA: 1.95 (1.12, 3.38); GNCA: 2.05 (1.19, 3.52) | ||||||
| Lin et al., 2015 (Norway) [28] | Men and women from the Cohort of Norway and the third Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (≥20 years) | 10.2 | 192903 (499) | Trained | WC | Men: ≥94 cm compared with <94 cm; women: ≥80 cm compared with <80 cm | EAC: 2.48 (1.27, 4.85); ESCC3: 1.19 (0.71, 2.00); GC: 1.47 (1.14, 1.90) | Age, sex, BMI, education, smoking status, and family cancer history |
| Liu et al., 2015 (China) [29] | Shanghai women (40–70) | 15.1 | 68253 (378) | Trained | WHR | >0.85 compared with ≤0.77 | GC: 1.12 (0.79, 1.6) | Education, total energy intake, total vegetable and fruit intake, total meat intake, leisure-time physical activity, alcohol consumption, menopausal status, spouse smoking exposure, parity, family history of cancer, and additionally adjusted for BMI |
ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; LE, lower esophagus; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Q, quantile
1Additionally adjusted for hip circumference.
2Additionally adjusted for BMI.
3Additionally adjusted for alcohol intake.