Table 3.
Factors associated with carers perceiving accessibility-related barriers to children’s fruit and/or vegetable intake, according to remoteness, in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children (LSIC), Wave 6, 2013
| Remote/OR | Urban/IR | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | n/N | PR | 95 % CI | % | n/N | PR | 95 % CI | |
| Total | 24·1 | 63/262 | – | – | 2·9 | 28/968 | – | – |
| Child factors | ||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 21·6 | 27/125 | 1·00 | 3·7 | 18/491 | 1·00 | ||
| Female | 26·3 | 36/137 | 1·03 | 0·78, 1·37 | 2·1 | 10/477 | 0·57 | 0·26, 1·27 |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 4–5 years | 26·4 | 14/53 | 1·00 | 4·1 | 9/222 | 1·00 | ||
| 6–7 years | 24·1 | 27/112 | 1·10 | 0·74, 1·65 | 2·5 | 9/355 | 0·60 | 0·24, 1·52 |
| 8–10 years | 22·7 | 22/97 | 0·85 | 0·57, 1·26 | 2·6 | 10/391 | 0·70 | 0·32, 1·53 |
| Indigenous identification†,§ | ||||||||
| Aboriginal | 29·1 | 55/189 | 1·00 | 3·1 | 27/881 | 1·00 | ||
| Torres Strait Islander | ≤6·1 | ≤3/49 | 0·45 | 0·08, 2·49 | ≤7·9 | ≤3/38 | 0·00 | 0·00, 0·00 |
| Both | 20·8 | 5/24 | 0·91 | 0·38, 2·19 | ≤6·1 | ≤3/49 | 0·52 | 0·05, 5·21 |
| General physical health | ||||||||
| Poor, fair, or good | 36·5 | 42/115 | 1·00 | 4·8 | 9/189 | 1·00 | ||
| Very good or excellent | 14·3 | 21/147 | 0·62 | 0·38, 1·01 | 2·4 | 19/779 | 0·74 | 0·37, 1·49 |
| Social and emotional well-being†,‡ | ||||||||
| High risk of difficulties | 31·3 | 20/64 | 1·00 | 7·4 | 16/217 | 1·00 | ||
| Low risk of difficulties | 21·7 | 43/198 | 0·94 | 0·64, 1·37 | 1·6 | 12/748 | 0·23 | 0·12, 0·45 |
| BMI category | ||||||||
| Overweight or obese | 23·3 | 14/60 | 1·00 | 2·4 | 8/331 | 1·00 | ||
| Normal weight | 28·4 | 38/134 | 0·75 | 0·53, 1·06 | 3·2 | 14/441 | 1·41 | 0·73, 2·73 |
| Underweight | ≤25·0 | ≤3/12 | 0·54 | 0·16, 1·81 | ≤50·0 | ≤3/6 | 2·00 | 1·01, 3·99 |
| Family factors | ||||||||
| Carer’s general physical health | ||||||||
| Poor, fair, or good | 27·8 | 49/176 | 1·00 | 3·6 | 19/529 | 1·00 | ||
| Very good or excellent | 15·3 | 13/85 | 0·66 | 0·34, 1·30 | 2·1 | 9/439 | 0·74 | 0·34, 1·60 |
| Carer’s social and emotional well-being†,‡ | ||||||||
| High distress | 15·7 | 8/51 | 1·00 | 7·3 | 14/191 | 1·00 | ||
| Low distress | 26·3 | 55/209 | 1·55 | 0·69, 3·48 | 1·8 | 14/769 | 0·27 | 0·15, 0·46 |
| Negative major life events in past year | ||||||||
| 3–9 | 32·3 | 30/93 | 1·00 | 3·7 | 11/294 | 1·00 | ||
| <3 | 19·5 | 33/169 | 0·82 | 0·63, 1·07 | 2·5 | 17/673 | 0·63 | 0·33, 1·22 |
| Carer is partnered†,‡ | ||||||||
| No | 20·0 | 22/110 | 1·00 | 4·1 | 18/439 | 1·00 | ||
| Yes | 27·0 | 41/152 | 1·01 | 0·65, 1·58 | 1·9 | 10/529 | 0·41 | 0·22, 0·79 |
| Weekly household income† | ||||||||
| <$AU 600 | 39·7 | 46/116 | 1·00 | 4·5 | 15/331 | 1·00 | ||
| ≥$AU 600 | 9·6 | 10/104 | 0·62 | 0·30, 1·28 | 2·1 | 12/581 | 0·51 | 0·29, 0·91 |
| Financial strain†,‡ | ||||||||
| Run out of money | 68·4 | 13/19 | 1·00 | 6·7 | 8/120 | 1·00 | ||
| Just enough money | 27·5 | 28/102 | 0·82 | 0·48, 1·40 | 4·3 | 18/419 | 0·56 | 0·23, 1·34 |
| Can save money | 15·8 | 22/139 | 0·62 | 0·36, 1·07 | 0·5 | 2/425 | 0·07 | 0·02, 0·30 |
| Worries about money in past year†,‡ | ||||||||
| Yes | 20·5 | 9/44 | 1·00 | 4·9 | 14/287 | 1·00 | ||
| No | 25·1 | 54/215 | 1·26 | 0·90, 1·77 | 2·1 | 14/678 | 0·36 | 0·19, 0·68 |
| Went without meals in past year*,† | ||||||||
| Yes | 59·3 | 16/27 | 1·00 | 13·3 | 6/45 | 1·00 | ||
| No | 20·3 | 47/231 | 0·56 | 0·36, 0·86 | 2·4 | 22/920 | 0·30 | 0·11, 0·77 |
| Carer’s employment status | ||||||||
| Not employed | 25·5 | 41/161 | 1·00 | 3·7 | 21/574 | 1·00 | ||
| Employed part-time | 34·3 | 12/35 | 1·07 | 0·69, 1·66 | 2·0 | 4/203 | 0·63 | 0·21, 1·89 |
| Employed full-time | 14·5 | 9/62 | 0·85 | 0·51, 1·44 | ≤1·7 | ≤3/172 | 0·48 | 0·19, 1·17 |
| Carer’s highest qualification | ||||||||
| Less than Year 12 | 28·4 | 40/141 | 1·00 | 3·6 | 18/500 | 1·00 | ||
| Year 12 and beyond | 22·8 | 21/92 | 1·16 | 0·83, 1·61 | 2·0 | 8/399 | 0·64 | 0·28, 1·45 |
| Humbugged in past year*,† | ||||||||
| Yes | 35·6 | 37/104 | 1·00 | 6·0 | 14/234 | 1·00 | ||
| No | 16·6 | 26/157 | 0·63 | 0·42, 0·95 | 1·9 | 14/733 | 0·39 | 0·16, 0·92 |
| Pressured to support others in the community† | ||||||||
| Small or big problem | 34·7 | 42/121 | 1·00 | 7·3 | 13/177 | 1·00 | ||
| Not a problem | 14·3 | 18/126 | 0·63 | 0·33, 1·22 | 1·6 | 11/700 | 0·27 | 0·12, 0·62 |
| Feed others who don’t live at home | ||||||||
| A few times a month or more | 29·2 | 42/144 | 1·00 | 3·2 | 18/569 | 1·00 | ||
| Rarely or never | 17·1 | 20/117 | 0·74 | 0·51, 1·09 | 2·5 | 10/398 | 0·91 | 0·46, 1·82 |
| Had evening meal as a family in past week | ||||||||
| No | ≤15·8 | ≤3/19 | 1·00 | ≤7·1 | ≤3/42 | 1·00 | ||
| Yes | 25·0 | 60/240 | 0·74 | 0·34, 1·62 | 2·8 | 26/924 | 0·48 | 0·18, 1·26 |
| Cultural knowledge about bush tucker*,† | ||||||||
| Not important | 12·6 | 12/95 | 1·00 | 1·8 | 13/715 | 1·00 | ||
| Somewhat important | 25·0 | 25/100 | 1·17 | 0·68, 2·00 | 4·1 | 7/170 | 1·77 | 0·78, 4·01 |
| Very important | 38·8 | 26/67 | 1·73 | 0·99, 3·01 | 9·8 | 8/82 | 3·79 | 1·69, 8·50 |
| Total number of people in household | ||||||||
| 2–5 | 22·4 | 28/125 | 1·00 | 1·9 | 12/625 | 1·00 | ||
| ≥6 | 25·5 | 35/137 | 0·79 | 0·53, 1·16 | 4·7 | 16/343 | 1·80 | 0·71, 4·53 |
| House felt too crowded in past year†,‡ | ||||||||
| Yes | 27·0 | 10/37 | 1·00 | 8·0 | 9/113 | 1·00 | ||
| No | 23·3 | 52/223 | 1·09 | 0·51, 2·36 | 2·2 | 19/850 | 0·33 | 0·17, 0·67 |
| Moved house in past year | ||||||||
| Yes | 28·2 | 11/39 | 1·00 | 3·1 | 6/194 | 1·00 | ||
| No | 23·1 | 51/221 | 0·92 | 0·71, 1·21 | 2·9 | 22/769 | 1·23 | 0·49, 3·05 |
| Problem with fridge and/or cooking facilities†,‡ | ||||||||
| Yes | 30·0 | 9/30 | 1·00 | 14·3 | 5/35 | 1·00 | ||
| No | 19·6 | 28/143 | 1·09 | 0·73, 1·62 | 2·4 | 16/667 | 0·17 | 0·08, 0·36 |
| Electrical problems at home* | ||||||||
| Yes | 64·7 | 11/17 | 1·00 | 7·7 | 4/52 | 1·00 | ||
| No | 21·4 | 52/243 | 0·69 | 0·51, 0·92 | 2·6 | 24/915 | 0·40 | 0·15, 1·07 |
| Security problems at home† | ||||||||
| Yes | 46·7 | 21/45 | 1·00 | 8·9 | 8/90 | 1·00 | ||
| No | 19·5 | 42/215 | 0·76 | 0·50, 1·14 | 2·3 | 20/877 | 0·38 | 0·16, 0·88 |
| Area-level factors | ||||||||
| Racially-motivated violence*,†,‡ | ||||||||
| Small or big problem | 46·7 | 7/15 | 1·00 | 5·6 | 9/162 | 1·00 | ||
| Not a problem | 23·2 | 53/228 | 0·83 | 0·69, 0·99 | 2·1 | 15/729 | 0·23 | 0·10, 0·55 |
| Alcohol misuse† | ||||||||
| Small or big problem | 27·5 | 53/193 | 1·00 | 4·9 | 19/386 | 1·00 | ||
| Not a problem | 12·5 | 8/64 | 0·56 | 0·28, 1·13 | 1·6 | 9/552 | 0·40 | 0·17, 0·93 |
| Break-ins or theft | ||||||||
| Small or big problem | 27·8 | 35/126 | 1·00 | 3·7 | 17/461 | 1·00 | ||
| Not a problem | 21·4 | 27/126 | 0·96 | 0·69, 1·32 | 2·0 | 9/455 | 0·50 | 0·23, 1·08 |
| Area-level disadvantage*,† | ||||||||
| Least advantaged | 39·3 | 59/150 | 1·00 | 13·8 | 9/65 | 1·00 | ||
| Mid-advantaged | ≤2·9 | ≤3/102 | 0·11 | 0·02, 0·56 | 2·6 | 17/652 | 0·21 | 0·06, 0·76 |
| Most advantaged | ≤30·0 | ≤3/10 | 0·42 | 0·12, 1·45 | ≤1·2 | ≤3/251 | 0·06 | 0·01, 0·34 |
| Remoteness | ||||||||
| None | – | – | – | – | 2·0 | 7/348 | 1·00 | |
| Low | – | – | – | – | 3·4 | 21/620 | 1·64 | 0·55, 4·90 |
| Moderate | 17·7 | 28/158 | 1·00 | – | – | – | – | |
| High/extreme | 33·7 | 35/104 | 2·04 | 0·63, 6·62 | – | – | – | – |
Remote/OR, remote/outer regional; urban/IR, urban/inner regional; PR, prevalence ratio.
All models are adjusted for age group, sex and remoteness, and take into account the clustered nature of the data set. P interaction<0·05 indicates relationship between exposure and accessibility barriers is significantly different in urban/IR v. remote/OR areas.
*
Variable significantly associated with accessibility barriers in remote/OR areas (P for Wald test <0·05).
†
Variable significantly associated with accessibility barriers in urban/IR areas (P for Wald test <0·05).
‡
Significant difference in the relationship of the exposure to accessibility barriers between remote/OR and urban/IR carers (P interaction<0·05).
§
Inadequate data to assess P interaction.