Figure 3.

Fk-map and visual changes over time in an elderly patient.

Notes: (A) Tear film on the ocular surface before additional treatments. (B) Functional VA before the additional treatments. (C) Fk-map before the additional treatments. (D) Tear film on the ocular surface after the additional treatments. (E) Functional VA after the additional treatments. (F) Fk-map after the additional treatments. A 63-year-old man (Case No 10) suffered from severe DE sensation and ocular fatigue over the past years. A previously performed lacrimal plug insertion in the lacrimal puncta was maladaptive, and was removed because of foreign body sensation. The Fk-map showed a pattern of presbyopia (B). After topical administration of 0.1% sodium hyaluronate and 3% diquafosol tetrasodium, DE symptoms slightly improved. The BUT value improved from 0 to 8 s, and no fluorescein staining was observed (A, D). Functional VA (E) and accommodative parameters improved 1 month after treatment (F).

Abbreviations: DE, dry eye; BUT, break-up time; Fk-map, frequency of kinetic reaction-map; HFC, high-frequency component; VA, visual acuity.