Table 2.

Association between Dietary Protein Intake^a (Total and by Source) and Fracture Type (Full cohort, N=5875)

Fracture Type	N	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
		Total Protein	Dairy Protein	Non-dairy Animal Protein	Plant Protein
Major Osteoporotic Fractureb	613
Base modelc		0.93 (0.86, 1.01)	0.94 (0.83, 1.07)	0.92 (0.84, 1.01)	0.96 (0.83, 1.12)
Full modeld		0.92 (0.84, 1.00)	0.89 (0.78, 1.01)	0.92 (0.84, 1.01)	0.97 (0.83, 1.13)
Low-trauma Fracturee	806
Base model		0.94 (0.87, 1.01)	0.93 (0.84, 1.04)	0.94 (0.87, 1.02)	0.95 (0.83, 1.08)
Full model		0.92 (0.85, 0.99)	0.89 (0.79, 0.99)	0.93 (0.86, 1.01)	0.95 (0.83, 1.09)
Hip Fracture	270
Base model		0.81 (0.71, 0.92)	0.79 (0.66, 0.96)	0.80 (0.69, 0.93)	0.88 (0.70, 1.10)
Full model		0.84 (0.73, 0.95)	0.80 (0.65, 0.98)	0.84 (0.72, 0.97)	0.99 (0.78, 1.24)
Clinical Spine Fracture	193
Base model		1.10 (0.96, 1.27)	1.14 (0.92, 1.40)	1.09 (0.94, 1.28)	1.08 (0.82, 1.41)
Full model		1.06 (0.92, 1.22)	1.05 (0.85, 1.31)	1.06 (0.91, 1.24)	1.02 (0.77, 1.35)
Non-hip Non-spine Fracture	919
Base model		0.97 (0.90, 1.03)	0.94 (0.85, 1.04)	0.97 (0.91, 1.05)	0.99 (0.87, 1.11)
Full model		0.94 (0.88, 1.00)	0.87 (0.78, 0.97)	0.96 (0.89, 1.03)	0.95 (0.83, 1.07)

^aCalculated as a percentage of total energy intake (%TEI) and scaled to have 1 unit change=2.9%TEI=1 SD (total protein intake). Source-specific protein intakes were included in a single model, i.e. each one was adjusted for the other two source-specific intakes.

^bHip, clinical spine, forearm, humerus

^cBase model adjusted for age

^dFull model adjusted for age, height, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, clinical center, total energy intake, smoking, alcohol use, self-reported physical activity (PASE), history of GI surgery, history of osteoporosis, calcium/vitamin D supplement use, corticosteroid use as covariates

^eWithout trauma or due to trauma less than or equal to fall from standing height