Table 3. Results from logistic two-level growth model (1) and hierarchical age-period-cohort models (2–4) for CAM use.
Canadian National Population Health Survey, 1994–2011.
| MODEL 1 | MODEL 2 | MODEL 3a | MODEL 4a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Fixed Effects | ||||
| Age and Cohort | ||||
| Linear Ageb | 1.09 (1.09;1.10)*** | 1.02 (1.01;1.03)*** | 1.02 (1.00;1.03)* | 1.02 (0.99;1.08) |
| Birth Cohort (Ref: Pre-World War) |
||||
| Generation X | 25.90 (19.95;33.64)*** | 1.70 (1.02;3.00)*** | 1.78 (1.03;3.07)*** | 1.51 (1.14;2.00)** |
| Younger Baby Boomer | 10.18 (8.00;12.95)*** | 1.34 (0.85;2.10) | 1.36 (1.01;2.10)* | 1.25 (1.01;1.61)* |
| Older Baby Boomer | 4.46 (3.58; 5.56)*** | 1.17 (0.83;1.63) | 1.13 (0.99;1.57)† | 1.12 (0.99;1.40) |
| World War II | 1.74 (1.42; 2.12)*** | 0.89 (0.70;1.13) | 0.87 (0.69;1.10) | 0.94 (0.77;1.15) |
| Need for Healthcare | ||||
| Chronic Conditions (Ref: None) |
||||
| 2+ | 1.91 (1.75;2.08)*** | 1.79 (1.64;1.96)*** | ||
| 1 | 1.45 (1.34;1.58)*** | 1.40 (1.29;1.52)*** | ||
| Pain Prevents Activity | 1.91 (1.75;2.08)*** | 1.81 (1.66;1.98)*** | ||
| Conventional Care | ||||
| Physician Visits (Ref: No visits) |
||||
| Both | 1.78 (1.60;1.97)*** | |||
| Primary Care Only | 1.44 (1.30;1.58)*** | |||
| Specialists Only | 1.21 (1.00;1.47)* | |||
| Random Effects c | ||||
| Individual | 2.17 (2.06;2.28)*** | 2.14 (2.04;2.24)*** | 1.92 (1.82;2.02)*** | 1.92 (1.82;2.02)*** |
| Period | 0.20 (0.04;0.35)*** | 0.11 (0.01;0.20)*** | 0.11 (0.01;0.20)*** |
Abbreviations: OR, Odd Ratio; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval.
*** p<0.0001
** p<0.01
* p<0.05
† p<0.1.
a Models also included, predisposing, enabling, and behaviour-related factors. Full models are shown in S1 Table.
b Age was centered at the mean of the distribution in 1994/95 (39 years). All models also included a quadratic age term.
c Estimates are variances.